modules 36-38: prenatal development and infancy

Question 1

a fetus typically reaches the age of viability at the prenatal age of:

Answer 1

22 weeks

Question 2

if a mother is anxious and tense during pregnancy, how can that affect fetal development?

Answer 2

the infant will sleep and eat poorly once born.

Question 3

what are some consequences of undernourished pregnant mothers?

Answer 3

• underweight babies
• babies more susceptible to disease
• adverse impact on mental development

Question 4

what system in the baby becomes especially sensitive as a result of the chemical changes produced by the mother’s emotional state?

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system

Question 5

what is conception?

Answer 5

when a male’s sperm cell penetrates a female’s egg cell

Question 6

what are chromosomes?

Answer 6

rod-shaped structures that contain hereditary information

Question 7

what are genes?

Answer 7

smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted

Question 8

how many different genes do humans have?

Answer 8

more than 25000

Question 9

what is a zygote?

Answer 9

a one-celled entity, resulting from fusion of egg and sperm

Question 10

what is the germinal period?

Answer 10

two weeks after conception;

before zygote is implanted in the uterine wall

Question 11

describe the embryonic period.

Answer 11

Week 2 to week 8

Organs are recognizable

face begins to develop ( nose, eyes, mouth)

Question 12

what is the age of viability?

Answer 12

the point at which a baby can survive if born premature ( 22 weeks)

Question 13

what is a sensitive period?

Answer 13

the period when organisms are susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli

Question 14

who are “problem infants”?

Answer 14

infants who are born before week 38

Question 15

what is Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 15

the body cannot break down fat, mostly found in Eastern European ancestry

Question 16

what is Down Syndrome?

Answer 16

zygote receives an extra chromosome at the point of conception, often related to the mother’s age

Question 17

what are teratogens?

Answer 17

Environmental agents ( drugs, chemicals, viruses) that can harm the baby during prenatal development

Question 18

what is development?

Answer 18

change over time

Question 19

describe cell division (mitosis)

Answer 19

begins 24-36 hours after the zygote is created

Question 20

describe cell migration.

Answer 20

cells moving from point of origin to other places in the developing zygote.

Question 21

describe cell differentiation.

Answer 21

process that transforms unspecialized stem cells to about 350 different types of cells. ( to eventually become organs and other body parts)

Question 22

describe cell death (apoptosis)

Answer 22

selective cells are thrown away ( cells are selected to die between your fingers to create the spaces)

Question 23

what are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 23

cells with no fixed function

Question 24

describe the fetal period.

Answer 24

8 weeks of age to birth

increasing level of growth, behavior, sensory experience

internal organs have mostly developed, sex differentiation has begun

Question 25

at — weeks, most movements that ill be presented at birth have already occurred.

Answer 25

12

Question 26

what is currently considered the most common human teratogen?

Answer 26

alcohol

Question 27

the father’s drinking habits before conception can cause fetal abnormalities. true or false?

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what are reflexes?

Answer 28

automatic, natural behaviors that occur in response to stimuli

Question 29

what is the rooting reflex?

Answer 29

something touches a baby’s cheek, the baby turns toward the surce of the touch and opens its’ mouth

Question 30

what is the sucking reflex?

Answer 30

if something touches the tip of a baby’s mouth, it will begin to suck on that thing

Question 31

what is the grasping reflex?

Answer 31

if you put your finger on a baby’s palm, it will grasp the finger.

Question 32

what is the gag reflex?

Answer 32

prompts the baby to clear their throat

Question 33

what is the tonic neck reflex?

Answer 33

when a baby turns its’ head, the arm on that side extends, and the arm on the other side flexes.

Question 34

what is the startle reflex?

Answer 34

when a baby hears a noise, it fans it’s arms out and arches its’ back

Question 35

what is the obstetric dilemma?

Answer 35

birth canal has narrowed over time, yet babies’ heads are large

Question 36

babies need caregivers to want to take care of them, and that is why we consider babaies cute (due to attachment) true or false?

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what can’t babies perceive?

Answer 37

interpretation of senses- they see the image but do not know what it is

Question 38

how can we tell if an infant is interested in something?

Answer 38

measure the looking time ( prefential learning)

Question 39

babies prefer to look at ——- instead of solid colors.

Answer 39

patterns

Question 40

the visual acuity of a baby does not reach adult acuity until the age of?

Answer 40

3-6 years old

Question 41

babies prefer intact faces than not. true or false?

Answer 41

true