Module Nine Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is learning?
Inferred from behaviour
What may affect performance other than learning?
- Reflexes
- Maturation
- Luck
- Strong Teammates
- Motivation/incentives
How can you tell if learning had occurred
- Change over time
- More consistent performance
- Change is relatively permanent
What are the three stages of learning?
Cognitive stage
Associative stage
Autonomous stage
What happens in the cognitive stage?
Large numbers of errors occur with variable performance involving a high cognitive involvement (beginners)
What are gross errors?
Happen in the cognitive stage that are considered large and catastrophic
What happens in the associative stage
- Fewer errors occur
- Ability to detect own errors
- Basic fundamentals have been learned
- decreased variability
- Cognitive shift to higher order components
What happens in the autonomous stage?
- Skills become automatic
- Little to no error at all
- There is a well-established internal standard of performance that allows for detection and correction of errors
- Advanced rather than beginners
Learning through practice can be:
- Real: practicing the skill yourself
- Imaginary/mental: practicing the skill in your ‘minds eye’
- observational: seeing other’s perform the skill
What are the 3 types of transfer of learning
- Positive transfer
- Negative transfer
- Zero transfer
What is a positive learning transfer?
When the experience with a precious skill facilitates the learning of a new skill. It is most likely when the components of the skill are similar or there are similarities between the learning process required
What is a negative learning transfer?
When the experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of new skills. It occurs when you need to learn something else under the same conditions
When are negative learning transfers most likely to occur?
- When there are changes to spatial locations required
- When there are changes to timing required
What is zero learning transfer
When the experience with previous skills have no effect on the learning of a new skill
What are the 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer
- Provide contextual interference
- Vary the type of practice
- Reduce the frequency of feedback
What is whole practice
Practicing the skill in cohesive matter; helps the learner get a feel for flow and timing of the skill
What is part practice?
Practicing a skill by breaking it down into individual units and attempting to “perfect” each one before combining them into one whole unit; helps Learners master each component of a whole skill
What should be considered when deciding whether to use whole or part practice
- Task complexity: number of parts in the task
- Task organization: how the components of the task are interrelated
When should you use whole practice?
If a skill is low in complexity but high in organization
When should you use part practice?
When the skill is high in complexity but low in organization
What is the difference between block and random practice
- Block: the task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task
- Random: the ordering of the tasks is randomized during practice
What is practice variability?
Refers to the variety of movement and context characteristics the learner experiences while practicing a skill
What are closed skills?
Relates to practice variability where the practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under competition conditions (noise, height, weight)
What are open skills?
Refers to practice variability where each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a variety of situations (patterns, noise, fatigue)
