Module Nine

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Inferred from behaviour

Question 2

What may affect performance other than learning?

Answer 2

• Reflexes
• Maturation
• Luck
• Strong Teammates
• Motivation/incentives

Question 3

How can you tell if learning had occurred

Answer 3

• Change over time
• More consistent performance
• Change is relatively permanent

Question 4

What are the three stages of learning?

Answer 4

Cognitive stage
Associative stage
Autonomous stage

Question 5

What happens in the cognitive stage?

Answer 5

Large numbers of errors occur with variable performance involving a high cognitive involvement (beginners)

Question 6

What are gross errors?

Answer 6

Happen in the cognitive stage that are considered large and catastrophic

Question 7

What happens in the associative stage

Answer 7

• Fewer errors occur
• Ability to detect own errors
• Basic fundamentals have been learned
• decreased variability
• Cognitive shift to higher order components

Question 8

What happens in the autonomous stage?

Answer 8

• Skills become automatic
• Little to no error at all
• There is a well-established internal standard of performance that allows for detection and correction of errors
• Advanced rather than beginners

Question 9

Learning through practice can be:

Answer 9

• Real: practicing the skill yourself
• Imaginary/mental: practicing the skill in your ‘minds eye’
• observational: seeing other’s perform the skill

Question 10

What are the 3 types of transfer of learning

Answer 10

• Positive transfer
• Negative transfer
• Zero transfer

Question 11

What is a positive learning transfer?

Answer 11

When the experience with a precious skill facilitates the learning of a new skill. It is most likely when the components of the skill are similar or there are similarities between the learning process required

Question 12

What is a negative learning transfer?

Answer 12

When the experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of new skills. It occurs when you need to learn something else under the same conditions

Question 13

When are negative learning transfers most likely to occur?

Answer 13

• When there are changes to spatial locations required

- When there are changes to timing required

Question 14

What is zero learning transfer

Answer 14

When the experience with previous skills have no effect on the learning of a new skill

Question 15

What are the 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer

Answer 15

• Provide contextual interference
• Vary the type of practice
• Reduce the frequency of feedback

Question 16

What is whole practice

Answer 16

Practicing the skill in cohesive matter; helps the learner get a feel for flow and timing of the skill

Question 17

What is part practice?

Answer 17

Practicing a skill by breaking it down into individual units and attempting to “perfect” each one before combining them into one whole unit; helps Learners master each component of a whole skill

Question 18

What should be considered when deciding whether to use whole or part practice

Answer 18

• Task complexity: number of parts in the task

- Task organization: how the components of the task are interrelated

Question 19

When should you use whole practice?

Answer 19

If a skill is low in complexity but high in organization

Question 20

When should you use part practice?

Answer 20

When the skill is high in complexity but low in organization

Question 21

What is the difference between block and random practice

Answer 21

• Block: the task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task
• Random: the ordering of the tasks is randomized during practice

Question 22

What is practice variability?

Answer 22

Refers to the variety of movement and context characteristics the learner experiences while practicing a skill

Question 23

What are closed skills?

Answer 23

Relates to practice variability where the practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under competition conditions (noise, height, weight)

Question 24

What are open skills?

Answer 24

Refers to practice variability where each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a variety of situations (patterns, noise, fatigue)

Question 25

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 25

Information about performance that comes from an outside source through knowledge of results and knowledge of performance

Question 26

What is knowledge of results?

Answer 26

Information about the outcome

Question 27

What is knowledge of performance?

Answer 27

Information about the production of the movement patterns

Question 28

What is the purpose for augmented feedback?

Answer 28

• Provides information for error identification and correction
• Acts as s form of reinforcement
• Served to motivate the learner

Question 29

What are forms of feedback?

Answer 29

• Verbal
• Kinematic
• Kinetic
• Video
• Augmented sensory feedback

Question 30

Feedback can be:

Answer 30

Both quantitative and qualitative

Question 31

Feedback over a long period of time can:

Answer 31

Cause a dependency on that feedback

Question 32

What are forms of minimizing feedback?

Answer 32

Faded feedback
Bandwidth feedback
Summary feedback

Question 33

What is faded feedback?

Answer 33

As an athlete gets better at a task, the feedback from the coach can become more minimal

Question 34

What is bandwidth feedback?

Answer 34

If the athlete achieved doing the task in the right way, feedback is not necessary, whereas feedback will be given if the task is not done correctly

Question 35

What is summary feedback?

Answer 35

Allowing the practice of a task a few times in a row Before providing feedback and continually following this pattern

Question 36

When is feedback important through learning processes?

Answer 36

• Cognitive: feedback is vital
• Associative: faded, bandwidth, or summary
• Autonomous: feedback can be withdrawn

Question 37

What is performance?

Answer 37

An observable behaviour