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NUTR 202 > Module 9: Vitamins > Flashcards

Module 9: Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what type of nutrients are vitamins

A

micronutrients

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2
Q

are vitamins organic or inorganic

A

organic (contain carbon)

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3
Q

how do vitamins assist is providing energy

A

through metabolic processes

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4
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble

A

K, A, D, E

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5
Q

describe fat soluble vitamins storage in the body (time, amount, place)

A
  • stored for long periods of time, not required in diet every day
  • stored in large quantities
  • stored in liver and fat cells
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6
Q

describe water soluble vitamins storage in the body (time, amount)

A
  • stored for short periods of time, required in diet everyday
    -not generally stored in large quantities
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7
Q

are fat soluble vitamins more likely to be deficient or toxic

A

toxic

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8
Q

are water soluble vitamins more likely to be deficient or toxic

A

deficient

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9
Q

what are the three chemical forms of vitamin A

A
  • retinol
  • retinal
  • retinoic acid
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10
Q

which form of vitamin A is the most active

A

retinol

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11
Q

what is a precursor to vitamin A that is found in the pigment of carrots

A

beta carotene

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12
Q

what are the functions of vitamin A

A
  • integrity of epithelial cells
  • bone growth
  • cell membrane stability
  • gene regulation
  • vision
  • immune function
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13
Q

what does RAE stand for

A

retinol activity equivalent

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14
Q

who needs an increased amount of vitamin A and why

A
  • women who are pregnant and breastfeeding
  • needed for epithelial tissue growth of babies
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15
Q

define preformed vitamin A

A

ready to use, not needed to be converted

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16
Q

what are food sources of preformed vitamin A

A
  • animal-based foods
  • fortified foods
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17
Q

define provitamin A

A
  • must be converted to active form of vitamin A as needed
  • ex: beta carotene
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18
Q

what are food sources of provitamin A

A

plant-based foods

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19
Q

what are the effects of early stages of deficiency of vitamin A on vision and can it be reversed

A
  • night blindness
  • reversible
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20
Q

what are effects of short term vitamin A deficiency on the cornea

A

cornea becomes dry and damaged

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21
Q

what are effects of long term vitamin A deficiency on the cornea

A

xerophthalmia: permanent loss of vision

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22
Q

describe how vitamin A assists immune function

A
  • disease resistance, particularly for children
  • production of white blood cells
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23
Q

describe how vitamin A assists in the integrity of epithelial cells

A
  • epithelial tissue in the skin, lungs, and lining of the GI tract
  • vitamin A aids in proliferation of cells
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24
Q

which vitamin is linked with cell differentiation (development of specialized cells)

A

vitamin A

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25
Q

describe how vitamin A assists with gene regulation

A
  • role in turning genes on and off
  • indirect role in the regulation of metabolism
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26
Q

describe how vitamin A assists with bone metabolism

A

stimulates osteoclasts that break down the inner part of bone

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27
Q

why should children 1-3 get less vitamin A than older people

A
  • vitamin A assists in bone metabolism
  • too much vitamin A can lead to poor growth in children
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28
Q

what is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A
  • osteoclasts: break down bone
  • osteoblasts: build up bone
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29
Q

where is vitamin A stored

A
  • fat tissue
  • liver
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30
Q

what are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity

A
  • liver damage
  • birth defects
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31
Q

is provitamin A toxic

A

no

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32
Q

what can beta carotene help prevent

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
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33
Q

why are smoker encouraged to avoid vitamin A

A
  • increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
  • vitamin A can cause proliferation of cells which can lead to cancer in smokers
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34
Q

should the general public take beta carotene supplements

A

no

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35
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol

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36
Q

what is vitamin D classified as

A
  • vitamin
  • hormone
  • steroid
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37
Q

what is the function of vitamin D

A
  • regulation of calcium metabolism:
  • producing calbindin
  • stimulating kidneys to conserve calcium
  • stimulating calcium release from bone to blood
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38
Q

what does vitamin D stimulate the small intestines to produce and what does it do

A
  • calbindin
  • calcium-binding protein
  • increases calcium absorption
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39
Q

how does vitamin D affect the kidneys

A
  • stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium
  • decreases urinary calcium excretion
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40
Q

why are bones broken down for calcium

A

broken down when calcium is needed for other functions throughout the body

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41
Q

how often do you have a completely new skeleton

A

every 10 years

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42
Q

what happens to the recommendation for amount of vitamin D as we age and why

A
  • requirement increases as we age
  • less ability to convert vitamin D into its active form
  • less likelihood of adequate sunlight exposure
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43
Q

what food sources do we get a majority of vitamin D from

A

fortified foods

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44
Q

is vitamin D essential or nonessential and why

A
  • non essential
  • body can make it through exposure to sunlight
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45
Q

how does the body make vitamin D from sunlight

A
  • cholesterol in skin combine with UV rays from the sun
  • cholesterol enters bloodstream
  • converted into precursor of vitamin D
  • sent to liver where it is converted to another inactive form
  • goes to kidneys
  • converted to active form D3
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46
Q

what factors influence vitamin D synthesis

A
  • distance from equator
  • amount of clothing coverage
  • sun block use
  • cloud cover
  • skin color
  • age
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47
Q

describe rickets

A
  • caused by vitamin D deficiency in children
  • softening and deformity of long bones, bowing of legs
  • inability to deposit calcium in newly formed bone
  • malformation of skull, rib cage, and ends of long bones
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48
Q

describe osteomalacia

A
  • caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults
  • softening of bone caused by decalcification
  • similar to rickets in children
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49
Q

is vitamin D toxicity common

A

no

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50
Q

what could cause vitamin D toxicity

A

overuse of supplements

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51
Q

what are symptoms of vitamin D toxicity

A
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  • calcification of soft tissue
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52
Q

why do ethnic populations have higher rates of vitamin D insufficiency

A
  • less conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D due to melanocytes in skin
  • consume less milk due to culture, many are lactose intolerant
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53
Q

what are chronic diseases linked with vitamin D insufficiency

A
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
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54
Q

where is vitamin E primarily found

A

cell membranes

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55
Q

what is the group of compounds that makes up vitamin E called

A

tocopherols

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56
Q

what are the 4 types of tocopherols

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
  • delta
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57
Q

what are the functions of vitamin E

A
  • antioxidant: neutralizes free radicals
  • enhances immune function
  • required for nerve cell development
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58
Q

what is the number 1 antioxidant

A

vitamin E

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59
Q

define free redicals

A
  • unstable compounds with unpaired electrons
  • attack other molecules with electrons which damages cell membranes, proteins, enzymes, and DNA
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60
Q

how does vitamin E act as an antioxidant

A

neutralizes free radical by donating electrons

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61
Q

describe how vitamin C and E work together to neutralize free radicals

A
  • vitamin C gives an electron to vitamin E which gives the electron to the free radical
  • vitamin C becomes radicalized, but its water soluble so it will be eliminated quickly
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62
Q

where can free radicals come from

A
  • UV rays (sun)
  • pollution
  • stress
  • poor diet
  • small amounts form normal metabolism
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63
Q

why are smokers discouraged from taking vitamin E supplements

A

increase incidence of brain hemorrhage

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64
Q

what vitamins are smokers discouraged from taking

A

vitamins A and E

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65
Q

is vitamin E deficieny common or rare

A

rare

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66
Q

who is most likely to experience vitamin E deficiency

A
  • premature infants
  • those with insufficient stores
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67
Q

what condition results from vitamin E deficiency

A

anemia

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68
Q

why does vitamin E deficiency cause anemia

A

red blood cells become fragile and malformed and eventually rupture

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69
Q

what are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

A
  • loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
  • muscle weakness
  • reproductive failure
  • impaired vision
70
Q

what are signs of vitamin E toxicity

A
  • headache, nausea, blurred vision
  • reduced sexual function in men
  • accelerated signs of aging
  • inflammation of the mouth
  • chapped lips
  • fatigue
  • GI disturbances
  • muscle weakness
  • increased bleeding
71
Q

what is the primary function of vitamin K

A

blood clotting

72
Q

how does vitamin K promote blood clotting

A

activates the protein fibrin which is required to form blood clots

73
Q

what is a secondary function of vitamin K

A

synthesis of the bone protein osteocalcin

74
Q

who requires more vitamin K: men or women

A

men

75
Q

do childbearing women require more vitamin K than non-childbearing women

A

no

76
Q

what population is at the highest risk of vitamin K deficiency

A

newborns

77
Q

why are newborns at a higher risk for vitamin K deficiency

A
  • sterile GI tract at birth: E coli produce 80% of vitamin K
  • breast milk is poor source
78
Q

what vitamin is given to babies at birth

A

vitamin K

79
Q

what is a potential risk factor for vitamin K deficiency

A

prolonged antibiotic use

80
Q

what is the most significant source of vitamin K for humans

A

E coli in large intestine (80%)

81
Q

what vitamins are water soluble

A
  • vitamin C
  • B vitamins
82
Q

which vitamins are less toxic: fat or water soluble, and why

A
  • water-soluble are less toxic
  • eliminated more often
83
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

84
Q

describe scurvy

A
  • disease causing death of sailors in 1800s
  • caused by vitamin C deficiency
85
Q

symptoms of scurvy

A
  • bleeding gums
  • tooth loss
  • poor wound healing
  • small hemorrhages on skin
86
Q

what are the functions of vitamin C

A
  • antioxidant
  • synthesis of collagen
  • facilitates iron absorption in GI tract
87
Q

what vitamin in second to vitamin E as an antioxidant

A

vitamin C

88
Q

what body system do antioxidants support

A

immune system

89
Q

define collagen

A
  • protein that forms connective tissues of tendons, bone, teeth, and skin
  • high strength
  • highly recycled in the body
90
Q

what are the functions of collagen

A
  • wound healing
  • maintenance of blood vessel structure
91
Q

who has an increased need for vitamin C and why

A
  • smokers
  • protects body against damaging compounds in tobacco smoke
92
Q

how much more vitamin C should smokers get than non-smokers

A

additional 35 mg per day

93
Q

what is the best known source of vitamin C

A

orange juice

94
Q

what affects the levels of vitamin C in food

A
  • food preparation
  • vitamin C is vulnerable to heat and oxygen
95
Q

why does vitamin C deficiency cause anemia

A
  • vitamin C needed for iron absorption
  • less vitamin C = less iron absorption = anemia
96
Q

what are signs of vitamin C deficiency

A
  • bleeding gums
  • loss of appetite
  • pinpoint hemorrhaging
  • impaired growth
  • weakness
  • scorbutic rosary in infants
97
Q

how much vitamin C is toxic

A

2 g per day

98
Q

what often causes vitamin C toxicity

A

supplementing at greater than 1g per day

99
Q

list all B vitamins

A
  • B1: thiamin
  • B2: riboflavin
  • B3: niacin
  • B5: pantothenic acid
  • B6: pyridoxine
  • B7: biotin
  • B9: folate
  • B12: cobalamine
100
Q

why is there no vitamin B4

A
  • existed at one time
  • lost status as vitamin\
  • compound now known as adenine (one of the nitrogenous bases)
101
Q

what is a common function of all B vitamins

A

coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism

102
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B1

A

thiamin

103
Q

what was the first individual B vitamin identified

A

thiamin (B1)

104
Q

what are the functions of vitamin B1 (thiamin)

A
  • part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
  • assists in function of nerve and muscle cell activity
105
Q

what is the active form of vitamin B1 (thiamin)

A

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

106
Q

what does thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) do

A
  • assists in metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids
  • conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
  • used in Kreb’s cycle
107
Q

is there an upper limit for vitamin B1 (thiamin)

A

no

108
Q

what part of the grain kernel has the most B12 vitamins

A

germ

109
Q

who often experiences thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency

A
  • malnourished individuals
  • alcoholics
110
Q

define beriberi

A
  • vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency
  • heart becomes enlarged, fluid accumulates beneath skin, and muscles weaken/atrophy
  • wet and dry beriberi
111
Q

what type of beriberi primarily affects the cardiovascular system

A

wet beriberi

112
Q

what type of beriberi primarily affects the nervous system

A

dry beriberi

113
Q

define wernicke-karsakoff syndrome

A
  • severe thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency in alcoholics
  • causes ataxia, memory loss, and muscle atrophy
114
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

115
Q

what are the two activated forms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A
  • flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
116
Q

what is the main function of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

activated forms (FMN and FAD) used as electron shuttles in energy metabolism

117
Q

where is flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in the electron transport chain

A

protein complex 1

118
Q

where is flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the electron transport chain

A

protein complex 2

119
Q

what can destroy vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

A

ultraviolet light and irradiation

120
Q

what does vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency often occur in conjunction with

A

other water-soluble vitamin deficiencies

121
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

A

inflammation of membranes (sore throat, cracked mouth, swollen tongue)

122
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B3

A

niacin

123
Q

what are the 2 chemical forms of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A
  • nicotinamide
  • nicotinic acid
124
Q

what are the functions of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A
  • release energy from macronutrients through coenzymes in metabolic pathways
  • synthesis of fatty acids
125
Q

what are the two niacin-containing coenzymes used in metabolic pathways

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
126
Q

what is the upper limit for vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

35 mg per day

127
Q

why is vitamin B3 (niacin) often found in preworkout

A

causes flushing and tingling which can make some people ready to workout

128
Q

what are sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

animal proteins

129
Q

what essential amino acids can be used to synthesis vitamin B3 (niacin) in the body

A

tryptophan

130
Q

what condition is caused by vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A

pellagra

131
Q

what are the symptoms of pellagra

A
  • vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency
  • 4D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
132
Q

what vitamin deficiency was common in southeastern US during the early 1900s due a diet poor in it

A

vitamin B3 (niacin)

133
Q

does vitamin B3 (niacin) have toxicity symptoms

A

yes

134
Q

how do people often get vitamin B3 (niacin) toxicity

A

overconsumption of supplements or fortified foods

135
Q

what are symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin) toxicity

A
  • flushing: redness of face, arms, and legs
  • tingling sensations
  • liver injury
136
Q

what are high doses of nicotinic acid prescribed for

A

cholesterol reduction

137
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

138
Q

what is the key function of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

transamination: synthesis of nonessential amino acids

139
Q

what is the active form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

PLP

140
Q

what are secondary functions of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A
  • synthesis of glucose and some types of lipids
  • breakdown of glycogen for use in body
  • production of serotonin
  • hemoglobin synthesis
141
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A
  • anemia
  • depression
  • dermatitis
  • convulsions
  • weakened immune response
142
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A
  • nerve damage: numb feet or hands
  • ataxia: inability to walk
143
Q

are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) reversible

A

many symptoms are NOT reversible

144
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B9

A

folate

145
Q

what are the two forms of vitamin B9 (folate)

A
  • folate
  • folic acid
146
Q

define folate

A

naturally occurring form of vitamin B6 (folate)

147
Q

define folic acid

A

synthetic form of vitamin B6 (folate)

148
Q

which form of vitamin B6 (folate) is easier to absorb

A

folic acid

149
Q

what are the important functions of vitamin B6 (folate)

A
  • needed for DNA replication during cell division
  • red blood cell synthesis
  • central nervous system formation during fetal development
150
Q

what does DFE stand for

A

dietary folate equivalent

151
Q

who has increased requirements for vitamin B9 (folate)

A
  • women planning on becoming pregnant
  • pregnant and lactating women
152
Q

what conditions occurs with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency

A

macrocytic anemia

153
Q

define macrocytic anemia

A
  • large and immature red blood cells fewer in number than should be
  • causes red blood cells to have difficulty moving through capillaries
154
Q

what is the umbrella term for conditions of newborns associated with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency during pregnancyy

A

neural tube defects

155
Q

what are the two types of neural tube defects

A
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
156
Q

define spina bifida

A

failure of spinal cord to close completely

157
Q

define anencephaly

A

lack of or incomplete development of brain and skull

158
Q

has the prevalence of neural tube defects increased or decreased over time and why

A
  • decreased
  • due to folate fortification in foods
159
Q

what is the scientific name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

160
Q

what element is in vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A

cobalt

161
Q

where is vitamin B12 (cobalamin) often synthesized

A

bacteria in the large intestine

162
Q

where is vitamin B12 (cobalamin) found naturally

A

foods of animal origin (proteins)

163
Q

what is needed for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) to be absorbed

A

intrinsic factor

164
Q

what is the antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

165
Q

what are the functions of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A
  • converts folate to active form
  • maintains myelin sheath which insulates nerve fibers
166
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A
  • insulates nerve fibers
  • increases speed of nerve impulses
167
Q

describe how vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is digested and absorbed

A
  • released from dietary protein in the stomach by pepsin and HCl
  • vitamin bound to intrinsic factor which protects it from degradation until absorption
  • absorbed in lower ileum
168
Q

what happens to vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption as we age and why

A
  • absorption decreases
  • lower intrinsic factor production and HCl secretion
169
Q

what are conditions associated with vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

A
  • macrocytic anemia
  • pernicious anemia
170
Q

define pernicious anemia

A

anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor

171
Q

what conditions can reduce intrinsic factor

A
  • genetic defect
  • aging
  • bariatric surgeries

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

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