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NUTR 202 > Module 7: Energy Balance and Obesity > Flashcards

Module 7: Energy Balance and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

explain why 100 calories of carbs does not equal 100 calories of protein

A
  • although both yield 4 cal/g, carbs are easier for the body to digest and use as energy while proteins are much harder
  • this is called the thermic effect of food
  • 10% of calories of carbs consumed is used to digest them, while 30% of calories of proteins consumed is used to digest them
  • you end up getting more calories usable for energy from carbs than from proteins
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2
Q

why can foods marketed as low-fat or fat-free be deceiving

A
  • calories may be equal or greater than original products
  • may substitute carbs for fats
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3
Q

what are some reasons people consume excess calories

A
  • fast food and convenience foods
  • large portion sizes, especially when dining out
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4
Q

what are SSBs

A

sugar sweetened beverages

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5
Q

what is one of the largest sources of added sugar in teh diet

A

sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs)

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6
Q

what happens to adolescents who eliminate sugar sweetened beverages from their diet

A

they gain 4 pounds less than their SSB drinking peers

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7
Q

does everyone require the same amount of calories per day

A

no

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8
Q

what are the 3 ways that calories are expended (total energy expenditure)

A
  • resting energy expenditure (REE)
  • physical activity
  • thermic food effect (TEF)
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9
Q

define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A
  • energy metabolism that occurs right after waking up or while sleeping
  • includes energy for functions that sustain life (breathing, heartbeat, brain, liver, kidneys)
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10
Q

define resting energy expenditure (REE)

A
  • calories burned while sitting or sleeping
  • make up most of the calories burned in a day
  • less restrictive
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11
Q

define physical activity

A
  • energy expenditure through voluntary physical effort
  • daily activities, exercise, physical labor
  • energy needed for muscle contraction
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12
Q

what factors influence energy burned during exercise

A
  • body weight and muscle mass utilized
  • duration of activity
  • intensity of activity
  • fitness level
  • type of activity
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13
Q

define thermic effect of food (TEF)

A
  • process of burning calories as you digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize food
  • body burns about 10% of calories consumed from a meal (30% for protein)
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14
Q

how do you estimate energy expendicture

A
  • calculate BMR
  • account for physical activity
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15
Q

what is the equation for BMR for women

A

BMR = 665.1 + (9.563 x weight in kg) + (1.85 x height in cm) - (4.676 x age)

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16
Q

what is the equation for BMR for men

A

BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 x weight in kg) + (5.003 x height in cm) - (6.775 x age)

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17
Q

what is BMI

A
  • body mass index
  • measure of weight relative to height
  • used to diagnose weight status
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18
Q

is BMI better used for the individual level or the population level

A

population level

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19
Q

what is the formula for BMI

A

weight in kg / height in meters ^2

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20
Q

what is the BMI for healthy body weight

A

18.5 - 24.9

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21
Q

what is the BMI for overweight

A

25 - 29.9

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22
Q

what is the BMI for obese

A

over 30

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23
Q

what is the BMI for underweight

A

under 18.5

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24
Q

what diseases are you at an increased risk for if you are overweight or obese

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • type 2 diabetes
  • stroke
  • gallbladder disease
  • osteoarthritis
  • sleep apnea
  • respiratory problems
  • certain cancers
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25
Q

negative consequences of underweight BMI

A
  • decreased energy
  • respiratory complications
  • heart irregularities
  • infertility
  • delayed wound healing
  • weakened immune system
  • osteoporosis
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26
Q

why does being underweight increase your risk of osteoporosis

A
  • less healthy tension on bones that increases bone density and strength
  • low adipose tissue causing low estrogen causing low bone deposits
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27
Q

who is at greater risk of osteoporosis

A
  • older age
  • women
  • underweight
  • tobacco use
  • physical inactivity
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28
Q

what are limitations of BMI

A
  • doesn’t distinguish between fat and muscle mass
  • doesn’t account for differences in ethnicities, sexes, or ages
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29
Q

what is your total body mass composed of

A

lean tissue mass + fat mass + water

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30
Q

what is lean tissue mass

A

everything but fat mass - not just muscle

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31
Q

define essential fat

A

required for norma physiological functioning

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32
Q

define storage fat

A

in adipose tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and fat tissue that pads essential organs

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33
Q

what two things affect body fat

A
  • sex
  • age
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34
Q

what happens to body fat as you age

A

increases

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35
Q

which sex has higher body fat percent

A

women

36
Q

define gynoid pattern of body fat distribution

A
  • fat over muscle and under skin (subcutaneous fat)
  • at hips and thighs
37
Q

define android pattern of body fat distribution

A
  • fat stored under abdominal muscle around internal organs
  • visceral fat
38
Q

what is an android fat pattern associated with

A

high risk for chronic conditions due to excess fat

39
Q

who exhibits the android fat distribution pattern: men or women

A

both

40
Q

who exhibits the gynoid fat distribution patter: men or women

A

women

41
Q

what fruit shape is associated with the android fat distribution pattern

A

apple shape

42
Q

what fruit shape is associated with the gynoid fat distribution pattern

A

pear shape

43
Q

describe beta adrenergic receptors

A
  • in heart and skeletal muscle
  • activated when stressed
  • cause jittery feelings
  • encourage cells to prioritize fat as a fuel source
44
Q

what hormones or substance increase beta adrenergic receptor activity

A
  • adrenaline
  • epinephrine
  • caffeine
  • cocaine
45
Q

do areas with more or less beta adrenergic receptors have less or more fat

A
  • less receptors = more fat
  • more receptors = less fat
46
Q

where are there the least beta adrenergic receptors in someone who is apple shape

A

least in gut area

47
Q

where are there the least beta adrenergic receptors in someone who is pear shape

A

least in hips and thighs

48
Q

define globesity

A

increase in prevalence of obesity around the world

49
Q

what are factors that could affect weight

A
  • physiological
  • psychological
  • lifestyle behaviors
  • social and economic
50
Q

define energetics

A

obesity is caused by a positive energy balance that results from eating more calories than you burn

51
Q

what are some environmental/societal causes of obesity

A
  • overall people tend to move less and eat more than ever before
  • if part of a social network is obese, individual ideas of acceptable weight increases
  • healthy and affordable food can be hard to purchase in some areas
52
Q

describe set point theory

A
  • body is programmed to gravitate towards a particular weight
  • metabolism may adjust upward or downward to ensure weight is neither gained nor lost
53
Q

how many genes are associated with metabolism

A

over 100,000

54
Q

what happens to the number and size of adipocytes when someone gains weight in the form of fat

A
  • both the number and size increase
  • hypertrophy and hyperplasia
55
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in size (of cells)

56
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase in number (of cells)

57
Q

what are the two hormones associated with eating

A
  • leptin
  • ghrelin
58
Q

describe leptin

A
  • satiety hormone
  • signals to stop eating
  • decreases food intake and increases energy metabolism
59
Q

where is leptin secreted from

A

fat cells

60
Q

what are examples of leptin hormones

A
  • GLP-1
  • peptide YY
61
Q

describe ghrelin

A
  • hunger hormone
  • signals to start eating
  • neuropeptide Y: increases hunger and decreases pain and anxiety
62
Q

where is ghrelin secreted from

A

stomach

63
Q

why could neuropeptide Y be dangerous

A
  • increases hunger while decreasing pain and anxiety
  • may begin to link hunger with less pain and anxiety
64
Q

what happens with leptin if you experience weight loss

A
  • decreased leptin
  • increases food intake and decreases energy metabolism
65
Q

what happens with leptin if you experience weight gain

A
  • increased leptin
  • decreases food intake and increases energy metabolism
66
Q

what three things influence eating behaviors

A
  • hunger
  • appetite
  • satiety
67
Q

where are the physiological and psychological signals for eating behavior in the brain

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

define hunger

A
  • NEED to eat
  • triggered by low blood glucose and low glycogen
69
Q

define appetite

A
  • DESIRE to eat
  • triggered by sight/smell of food
70
Q

does ghrelin increase or decrease after eating

A

decrease

71
Q

does ghrelin increase or decrease with weight loss

A

increase

72
Q

which hormone is responsible for long term weight control

A

leptin

73
Q

which hormones is responsible for short term regulation of hunger

A

ghrelin

74
Q

why don’t diets work

A
  • unrealistic and difficult to follow long term
  • may categorize foods as good or bad
75
Q

what is the key to success of weight loss or maintence

A

establish diet and physical activity that can be followed long term

76
Q

what kind of diet is encouraged to promote long-term weight management

A

balanced diet integrating all food groups

77
Q

how much physical activity should you do for overall health

A

moderate activity for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week

78
Q

how much physical activity should you do for maximum cardiovascular benefit

A

vigorous activity for 20 minutes/session

79
Q

what exercise should you do for weight loss

A
  • aerobic activity to burn calories
  • strength training to build muscle
80
Q

when is medication recommended for weight loss treatment

A
  • person is extremely obese
  • life-threatening health complication exist
81
Q

is medication for weight loss a permanent solution

A

no

82
Q

what BMIs are candidates for weight loss surgery

A
  • BMI over 40
  • BMI over 35 + related health conditions
83
Q

describe vertical sleeve gastrectomy

A
  • part of stomach removed
  • small stomach = less room for food
  • restriction
84
Q

describe adjustable gastric band procedure

A
  • adjustable band fits around upper part of stomach
  • restriction
85
Q

describe roux-en-Y gastric bypass

A
  • small pouch created from stomach
  • part of small intestine bypassed
  • restriction and malabsorption
86
Q

why must you exercise caution when treating overweight children

A

caloric restriction can inhibit growth

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

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