Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 202 > Module 10: Minerals > Flashcards

Module 10: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

define minerals

A
  • inorganic nutrients
  • essential in diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define macrominerals

A
  • present in greater amounts in the body
  • intake of over 100mg a day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define microminerals (trace minerals)

A
  • present in lesser amounts in the body
  • intake of less than 100mg a day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of macrominerals

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
  • potassium
  • sulfur
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • magnesium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of microminerals

A
  • iron
  • copper
  • manganese
  • iodine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the body

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is calcium in the body

A
  • 99% in skeleton/bones and teeth
  • 1% in blood, extracellular fluids, muscle, and other tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what regulates blood levels of calcium

A
  • vitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

functions of calcium

A
  • building and maintenance of bone
  • muscle contractions
  • conduction of nerve impulses
  • hormone regulation
  • blood clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what protein is the structural framework of bones

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the primary minerals in bones

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A
  • crystal in bones that provide bone strength
  • made mostly from calcium
  • also includes magnesium, sodium, phosphorous, and fluoride
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does calcium affect muscle contractions

A

calcium binds to protein tryponan to initiate contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

does muscle contraction require energy

A
  • no
  • muscle relaxation requires energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is calcium stored

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does calcium affect nerve impulses

A
  • calcium allows the release of neurotransmitters
  • regulates levels of Na+ and K+ ions across the nerve membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how often do bones remodel/turnover

A

constantly breaking down and rebuilding bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the central cause of the loss of structure and density of bone (osteoporosis)

A

bone loss exceeds bone gain/maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is there a cure for osteoporosis

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

people at what age are more liekly to develop osteoporosis

A

those over 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who is at the highest risk for osteoporosis

A

post-menopausal women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can you do to prevent osteoporosis

A
  • eat balanced diet with calcium and vitamin D
  • exercise regularly
  • avoid smoking
  • limit alcohol intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the effect of calcium on hormones

A

magnifies the effect of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe calcium’s role in hormone regulation

A
  • hormone binds to cell surface
  • triggers release of calcium in the cell
  • calcium amplifies the hormone’s message (like a second messanger)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why is calcium essential to blood clotting

A

needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin (which converts fibrinogen to fibrin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does calcium affect blood pressure

A

can help lower blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define pre-eclampsia

A
  • high blood pressure during pregnancy
  • often need in women who are overweight, teenage pregnancies, or women with low calcium levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens when blood calcium levels are low

A
  • increased PTH release
  • triggers conversion of vitamin to active form: calcitriol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does calcitriol and PTH affect calcium level

A
  • increase absorption in intestine
  • increase resorption in kidneys
  • release calcium from bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what compounds in foods can decrease absorption of calcium

A
  • phytates
  • oxalate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe phytates

A
  • decrease calcium absorption
  • storage form of phosphorous in plant foods
  • binds to certain minerals making them unavailable to cells
32
Q

what minerals do phytates bind to

A
  • calcium
  • zinc
  • iron
33
Q

what are the best calcium sources

A
  • dairy products
  • sardines/salmon
  • broccoli
34
Q

what is the second most abundant mineral in the body

A

phosphorous

35
Q

where is phosphorous in the body

A
  • 85% in bones
  • 15% in soft tissues like muscle
36
Q

how is phosphorous usually found in the body

A
  • with 4 oxygen atoms
  • phosphate
37
Q

what are the functions of phosphorous

A
  • part of bones and teeth
  • facilitates enzyme function (turning on and off)
  • ATP component
  • DNA and RNA component
  • phospholipid component
  • acid-base balance
38
Q

which macromineral is found in the smallest amount in the body

A

magnesium

39
Q

about how much magnesium does the human body contain

A

35 g

40
Q

where is magnesium in the body

A
  • 50% in bone
  • 49% in soft tissue
  • 1% in body fluids/blood
41
Q

what are the functions of magnesium

A
  • component of bone (hydroxyapatite)
  • maintenance of DNA and RNA integrity
  • ATP stabilization
  • facilitates muscle relaxation
  • cofactor for enzymes
42
Q

describe how magnesium stabilizes ATP

A
  • ATP exists with 3 negatively charged phosphorous atoms
  • Mg 2+ attaches to furthest phosphorous atoms to stabilize the molecule
  • Mg 2+ shifts to closest phosphorous atoms when the last phosphorous is ready to be broken off and energy is released
43
Q

what is the 7th most abundant mineral in the body

A

sulfur

44
Q

what is the primary storage site for sulfur in the body

A

2 amino acids: methionine and cysteine

45
Q

what causes some people to have curly hair

A

sulfur in cysteine amino acid bonded to another cysteine

46
Q

functions of sulfur

A
  • component of amino acids methionine and cysteine
  • element in glutathione (antioxidant)
47
Q

how much iron is stored in the body at once

A

2-4 g

48
Q

what is the most common and widespread nutrient deficiency wordlwide

A

iron deficiency

49
Q

what is the primary role of iron

A

in hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to tissues and cells

50
Q

how many oxygens can one hemoglobin carry

A

4

51
Q

how many RBCs does the bone marrow produce every second

A

2.5 million

52
Q

define anemia

A

clinical condition in which hemoglobin levels are low

53
Q

what lab tests can be used to screen for anemia

A
  • hemoglobin
  • hematocrit
  • ferritin
  • transferrin saturation
54
Q

what is the hematocrit lab test

A

percentage of blood that is composed of RBCs

55
Q

what is the ferritin lab test

A

identifies ferritin: storage protein for iron

56
Q

what is the transferrin saturation lab test

A

identifies the amount of iron transferrin is transporting in the blood

57
Q

what are common causes of anemia

A
  • low iron intake or absorption
  • deficiency of vitamin B6, vitamin B9, or vitamin B12
58
Q

what are the two forms of iron in our diet

A
  • heme iron
  • non-heme iron
59
Q

define heme iron

A
  • form found in hemoglobin
  • only found in meats, fish, and poultry
  • most readily absorbed in body
60
Q

define non-heme iron

A
  • elemental form of iron
  • found in plant-based and enriched foods
  • less readily absorbed in body
61
Q

define hemochromatosis

A

genetic disorder that can cause iron toxicity by inability to regulate iron absorption

62
Q

is zinc deficiency common worldwide

A

yes

63
Q

what are the functions of zinc

A

stabilize transcription factors for gene expression

64
Q

what are signs of zinc deficiency

A
  • dwarfism
  • poor sexual development
  • deformed bones
  • poor wound healing
65
Q

how much zinc is absorbed in the small intestine

A

40%

66
Q

what are the functions of copper

A
  • cofactor for enzymes
  • absorption, storage, and metabolism of iron
67
Q

what is selenium content of foods dependent on

A

selenium content of soil

68
Q

what is the most important role of selenium

A

supports body’s antioxidant defense system

69
Q

what is the only tissue that utilizes iodine

A

thyroid

70
Q

what is the primary function of iodine

A

facilitates production of thyroxine hormone in the thyroid gland

71
Q

effects of iodine deficiency

A

goiters

72
Q

describe goiters

A
  • due to iodine deficiency
  • enlarged thyroid gland to try and absorb more iodine
73
Q

what are the effects of iodine deficiency in pregnant women

A

cretinism in infants

74
Q

what is the primary function of fluoride

A
  • strengthens hydroxyapatite in bones
  • creates healthy teeth by hardening tooth enamel and preventing tooth decay
75
Q

define fluorosis

A
  • excessive fluoride intake
  • discoloration and mottling of the teeth
76
Q

what is the primary function of chromium

A

facilitate glucose uptake by improving the function of the hormone insulin

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions