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NUTR 202 > Module 8: Water and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Module 8: Water and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what allows water to attract other water molecules

A
  • hydrogen side is +
  • oxygen side is -
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2
Q

what are the two major compartments where water in found within the body

A
  • intracellular
  • extracellular
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3
Q

what percent of your body’s water is intracellular

A

60%

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4
Q

what percent of your body’s water is extracellular

A

40%

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5
Q

what is included in extracellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • intravascular fluid
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6
Q

what is included in water intake

A
  • beverages
  • food
  • metabolic water from breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins
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7
Q

how much water is created from metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

1 to 1.5 cups per day

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8
Q

what is included in water loss

A
  • urine
  • feces
  • insensible losses: sweating, air expiration
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9
Q

why are water fluctuations in the body normal

A

body has no water storage mechanism

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10
Q

is was essential or nonessential

A
  • essential
  • required every day
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11
Q

what is the critical function of water in the body

A
  • temperature regulation
  • absorbing body heat and releasing heat via sweat
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12
Q

what controls the body’s perceived need for water (thirst)

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

when is thirst triggered

A
  • water levels are low in blood
  • solute concentration is high in blood
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14
Q

does thirst occur at the same time that the body needs water

A
  • no
  • thirst lags behind the body’s need for water
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15
Q

what are the 2 hormones that help maintain hydration

A
  • antidiuretic hormones
  • aldosterone
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16
Q

describe antidiuretic hormone

A

released by pituitary gland to signal kidneys to retain water

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17
Q

describe aldoesterone

A
  • produced by adrenal glands above kidneys
  • induces kidneys to retain sodium and water
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18
Q

what is the recommended water intake for adults

A

1-1.5 mL/kcal of energy expenditure

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19
Q

define water intoxication

A
  • dilution of blood electrolytes, particularly sodium
  • aka hyponatremia
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20
Q

define hyponatremia

A
  • low sodium levels in the blood
  • caused by drinking excess water
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21
Q

how can dehydration occur

A
  • excessive water loss via sweat
  • vomiting and diarrhea
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22
Q

explain what happens to the body during mild dehydration

A
  • thirst
  • lack of mental clarity
  • fatigue
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23
Q

explain what happens to the body during moderate dehydration

A
  • symptoms from mild dehydration
  • reduced athletic ability
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24
Q

explain what happens to the body during severe dehydration

A
  • symptoms from moderate dehydration
  • cramping
  • heat exhaustion
  • hallucinations
  • heatstroke
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25
Q

what is urine the primary path for

A
  • water loss and excretion of metabolic waste
  • regulation of extracellular fluid composition
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26
Q

which organ controls urine and blood composition

A

kidneys

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27
Q

describe a nephron

A
  • microscopic structures in the kidneys that filter blood
  • 1 million in each kidney
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28
Q

what is the composition of urine

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • urea
  • creatinine
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29
Q

define electrolytes

A

minerals that become charged particles when placed in water

30
Q

define cations and anions

A
  • cations: minerals with positive charge
  • anions: minerals with negative charge
31
Q

what are 3 electrolytes important for water balance

A
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • chloride
32
Q

which electrolytes are primarily in extracellular fluid

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
33
Q

which electrolytes are primarily in intracellular fluid

A

potassium

34
Q

what is the main dietary source of sodium

A
  • processed foods
  • sodium added to foods for taste and/or as a preservative
35
Q

what does the label sodium free mean

A

contains less than 5mg of sodium per serving

36
Q

what does the label reduced sodium mean

A

contains at least 25% less sodium than the original product

37
Q

what does the label unsalted/no salt added mean

A
  • no salt added to recipe
  • does not mean that there is no sodium
38
Q

what is the AI for sodium

A

about 1.5g

39
Q

what is the UL for sodium

A

2.3g

40
Q

what percent of sodium chloride (table salt) is chloride

A

60%

41
Q

what is the AI for potassium

A

4.7g

42
Q

do most americans eat more or less potassium than recommended

A

less

43
Q

what are some sources of potassium

A
  • fresh fruits and vegetables
  • legumes
  • milk
  • meats
  • whole grains
  • salt substitutes (KCl)
44
Q

what are the functions of electrolytes

A
  • water and electrolyte balance
  • acid-base balance (pH)
  • nerve transmission
  • gastric pH
45
Q

what are the 2 processes where water and electrolytes are moved across cell membranes

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
46
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of solute from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

47
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of water from area with fewer particles to area with more particles

48
Q

what is the normal blood pH that water and electrolytes try to stay within

A

7.35-7.45

49
Q

how do electrolytes assist in nerve transmission

A
  • sodium and potassium have charges when dissolved in water
  • these charges assist in the function of excitable cells in nerves (and muscle fibers)
  • nerve signals are sent as sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out
50
Q

which electrolyte primarily assist with regulating gastric pH

A

chloride in hydrochloric acid in the stomach

51
Q

how often do sodium deficiencies occur

A

rarely

52
Q

how does being deficient in sodium cause shock-like symptoms

A
  • sodium loss is accompanied by water loss
  • this decreases blood volume causing a system-wide drop in blood pressure
53
Q

what are the two components of blood pressure readings

A
  • systolic
  • diastolic
54
Q

define systolic blood pressure

A

peak pressure generated when the heart contracts and forces blood to move

55
Q

define diastolic blood pressure

A

lowest blood pressure reading during cardiac relaxation

56
Q

what are normal blood pressures

A
  • systolic: <120
  • AND
  • diastolic: <80
57
Q

what are prehypertension blood pressures

A
  • systolic: 120-129
  • AND
  • diastolic: <80
58
Q

what are hypertension stage 1 blood pressures

A
  • systolic: 130-139
  • OR
  • diastolic: 80-89
59
Q

what are hypertension stage 2 blood pressures

A
  • systolic: >140
  • OR
  • diastolic: >90
60
Q

what are some outcomes of hypertension

A
  • increased risk for coronary heart disease and stroke
  • kidney damage
61
Q

85% of hypertension cases are _____

A
  • idiopathic
  • due to unknown cause
62
Q

define essential hy[pertension

A

high blood pressure due to unknown cause (idiopathic)

63
Q

how can you treat most hypertension

A
  • diet
  • exercise
  • medication
64
Q

does high sodium intake increase or decrease risk for hypertension

A

increase

65
Q

should people with hypertension increase or decrease their potassium intake

A

increase

66
Q

how does potassium reduce hypertension

A

relaxes blood vessels, lowering BP

67
Q

what are 2 other minerals that are recommended for people with hypertension

A
  • calcium
  • magnesium
68
Q

what is the DASH diet

A
  • dietary approaches to stop hypertension
  • clinically supported to reduce hypertension
69
Q

what are the recommendations of the DASH diet

A
  • increase potassium through fruits and vegetables
  • increase magnesium through whole grains
  • increase calcium through low fat dairy
  • lower saturated fat
70
Q

what is one element seemingly missing from the DASH diet

A

no recommendations for decreasing sodium intake

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

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