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NUTR 202 > Module 14: Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infant Feeding > Flashcards

Module 14: Nutrition for Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infant Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

how long does a full-term pregnancy last

A

38-42 weeks

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2
Q

why is there a 4 week variation for full-term pregnancy estimations

A
  • beginning of pregnancy marked from date of last menstrual cycle, not the actual conception date
  • conception date is difficult to determine
  • variation due to uncertainty in exact conception date
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3
Q

define trimester

A
  • 13 week stages in pregnancy
  • 3 of them
  • mark different phases of fetal development
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4
Q

when is the pre-embryonic period of pergnancy

A

1-2 weeks

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5
Q

when does the central nervous system develop during pregnancy

A

3-38 weeks

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6
Q

when does the heart develop during pregnancy

A

3/4-9 weeks

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7
Q

do major birth defects tend to occur earlier or later in pregnancy

A

earlier

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8
Q

describe the composition of maternal weight gain during pregnancy

A
  • baby - 7.5 lb
  • amniotic fluid - 2 lb
  • placenta - 1.5 lb
  • uterus - 2 lb
  • breasts - 2 lb
  • body fluids - 4 lb
  • blood - 4 lb
  • maternal stores of fat, protein, and other nutrients - 7 lb
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9
Q

is a baby every a parasite to the mother

A
  • no
  • mother always gets nutrients first, then baby
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10
Q

what weight is considered low birth-weight

A

<5.5 lb

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11
Q

what are low birth-weight babies at risk for

A
  • infection
  • lung problems
  • learning disabilities
  • increased mortality
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12
Q

what is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a women who is of underweight BMI (<18.5)

A

28-40 lbs

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13
Q

what is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a women who is of normal weight BMI (18.5-24.9)

A

25-35 lbs

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14
Q

what is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a women who is of overweight BMI (25-29.9)

A

15-25 lbs

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15
Q

what is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a women who is of obese BMI (>30)

A

11-20 lbs

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16
Q

how should increased nutritional needs during pregnancy be met

A

eating nutrient-dense foods

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17
Q

when do calorie needs increase

A

after first trimester

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18
Q

are calorie needs increased during the first trimester of pregnancy

A

no

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19
Q

how many more calories are needed per day after the first trimester of pregnancy

A

200-300 more calories per day from pre-pregnant calorie requirements

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20
Q

protein requirements during pregnancy

A

additional 25g per day

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21
Q

why should pregnancy women avoid predatory fish

A

high in mercury

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22
Q

what is the primary source of energy for pregnant females

A

carbohydrates

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23
Q

how much carbohydrates should a pregnant woman consume

A

> 175g per day

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24
Q

what does eating fiber during pregnancy help prevent

A
  • constipation
  • hemorrhoids
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25
Q

does recommended total fat intake change during preganancy

A

no

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26
Q

what fat requirements do change during pregnancy

A
  • increased essential fatty acids
  • omega 6 (linoleic) and omega 3 (linolenic)
  • polyunsaturated fats in nuts, oils, and whole grains
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27
Q

what type of adipose tissue do babies have increased amounts of

A

brown adipose tissue

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28
Q

what is the different between white and brown adipose tissue

A
  • white: stores triglycerides, what we think of when we think of body fat
  • brown: more mitochondrion, located around organs and along blood pathways to provide warmth
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29
Q

what protein is found in brown adipose tissue

A

uncoupling protein 1

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30
Q

describe how uncoupling protein 1 found in brown adipose tissue works

A
  • uncouples electron transport chain
  • opening along the mitochondrial membrane allowing H+ to flow without producing ATP
  • increases metabolism of fatty acids to produce heat
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31
Q

what does inadequate folate/folic acid intake cause during pregnancy

A
  • neural tube defects: spina bifida, anencephaly
  • preterm delivery, low birth weight
  • slow fetal growth rate
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32
Q

what is increased iron needed for during pregnancy

A

building red blood cells in the fetus to carry oxygen to cells

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33
Q

what is maternal iron deficiency anemia associated with increased risk of

A
  • premature delivery
  • low birth weight
  • low iron stores in infant
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34
Q

what is calcium needed for during pregnancy

A
  • development of bones and teeth in the fetus
  • maintain strength in the bones of the mother
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35
Q

how much do calcium needs increase during the 3rd trimester; does this mean the RDA for calcium increases

A
  • 30 mg per day more
  • RDA does not increase
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36
Q

how does the amount of calcium needed during pregnancy increase but the RDA for calcium doesn’t

A
  • calcium from the body not from the diet
  • absorption doubles in intestine
  • kidneys increase resorption
  • calcium turnover in bone increases
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37
Q

what regulates the amount of calcium absorbed in the body

A
  • vitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone
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38
Q

how much do zinc requirements increase during pregnancy

A

30%

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39
Q

what is zinc needed for during pregnancy

A

DNA and RNA syntheses

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40
Q

what can inadequate zinc intake during pregnancy lead to

A
  • birth defects
  • poor cognitive development after birth
  • premature delivery
  • prolonged labor
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41
Q

what nutrients should be supplemented through prenatal vitamins

A
  • iron
  • folic acid
  • calcium
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42
Q

when should folic acid supplementation begin

A
  • 1 month before conception
  • before you start trying for a baby
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43
Q

why do fluid needs increase during pregnancy

A
  • support fetal circulation
  • amniotic fluid
  • increased blood volume
  • prevents constipation and hemmrhoids
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44
Q

what is the recommended intake of water for pregnant women

A
  • 1-1.5 mL of water per calorie consumed
  • because pregnant women are advised to increase caloric intake by 300 calories, their water intake should increase by about 300mL
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45
Q

what drives most food cravings during pregnancy

A

hormones

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46
Q

define pica

A

compulsive eating of nonfood substances (clay, chalk, dirt)

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47
Q

what can pica lead to in pregnant people

A
  • iron deficiency in the mother
  • smaller head circumference in the infant
  • inadequate weight gain
  • intestinal blockages/other GI issues
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48
Q

why does pregnancy cause GI issues

A
  • hormones relax muscles - intended to make labor easier
  • can result in relaxation of sphincters causing heartburn
  • may also cause constipation and hemorrhoids
49
Q

describe how heartburn occurs in pregnant people

A

hormonal changes relax esophageal sphincter

50
Q

what are recommendations to prevent heartburn

A
  • eat smaller meals
  • avoid foods that may cause heartburn
  • elevate head while sleeping
  • sleep on left side of body
51
Q

why does eating smaller meals decrease the risk of heartburn

A
  • HCl in the stomach is produced in response to the amount of food eaten
  • less food eaten = less acid
52
Q

what are complications that can occur during pregnancy

A
  • edema
  • pregnancy-induced hypertension - pre-eclampsia
  • gestational diabetes
53
Q

define edema

A

fluid retention that results in swelling of hands, feet, and ankles

54
Q

what blood pressure is classified as pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

readings above 140 mmHg (systolic) and 90 mmHg (diastolic)

55
Q

what can pregnancy-induced hypertension lead to

A

pre-eclampsia

56
Q

define pre-eclampsia

A
  • high blood pressure and edema
  • protein in the urine
  • low calcium status
57
Q

what can pre-eclampsia lead to

A

eclampsia

58
Q

define eclampsia

A
  • manifestation of pre-eclampsia if nothing is done to intervene
  • characterized by convulsions or seizures
59
Q

what causes gestational diabetes

A
  • human placental lactogen hormone
  • can encourage insulin resistance
60
Q

how can gestational diabetes be controlled

A
  • diet
  • lifestyle
61
Q

what are the complications of gestational diabetes for the infant

A
  • macrosomia: high birth weight (over 9 lbs)
  • low blood glucose following delivery
62
Q

what are the complications of gestational diabetes for the mother

A

increased risk for type 2 diabetes

63
Q

how does caffeine affect the fetus

A
  • enters through placenta or breast milk
  • affects fetal heart rate and breathing
  • can increase risk of miscarriage or low birth weight
64
Q

what are the recommendations for caffeine for pregnant people

A
  • avoid or limit to <300 mg per day
  • less than 2 cups of coffee per day
65
Q

what is the recommended alcohol intake during pregnancy

A

none

66
Q

define fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A
  • caused by maternal alcohol consumption
  • causes growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system dysfunction
67
Q

what can smoking during pregnancy cause

A
  • miscarriage
  • preterm delivery
  • small birth weight
  • impairs blood flow to the fetus causing decreased nutrients and O2 delivery
68
Q

why are pregnant people at increased risk of food-borne illness

A
  • weakened maternal immune system
  • immature fetal immune system
69
Q

what two foodborne illnesses are of greatest concern to pregnant people

A
  • listeria
  • toxoplasmosis
70
Q

where is listeria found

A
  • uncooked meats and vegetables
  • unpasteurized milk
  • ready-to-eat foods (hot dogs, deli meats)
71
Q

where is toxoplasmosis found

A
  • undercooked meat
  • cat litter
72
Q

what are 5 other pathogens pregnant people should watch out for

A
  • e coli
  • c perfringens
  • norovirus
  • c jejuni
  • s aureas
73
Q

what is the preferred method of feeding for newborns and infants

A

breastfeeding

74
Q

when should babies be exclusively breastfed

A

first 6 months

75
Q

how long should babies be breasted (both exclusive and complementary)

A

12 months

76
Q

should you extend the 12 month breastfeeding period for preterm infants

A
  • yes
  • extend by the months early they are
77
Q

what is the number one way for maternal fat loss and why

A
  • breastfeeding
  • mother’s body fat turned into milk fat in breast milk
78
Q

what are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother

A
  • weight loss
  • build bond with baby
  • decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
  • may save money from buying formula
79
Q

what are infants less likely to experience if they are breastfed

A
  • allergies and intolerances
  • infections: ear, respiratory, meningitis
  • vomiting/diarrhea
  • sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • possible reduced obesity
80
Q

why does breastfeeding reduce the risk of allergies

A
  • parts of what the mom eats are transferred to the baby
  • exposure to many types of foods lessens chance of food allergies as they get older
81
Q

why does breastfeeding reduce the risk of infection

A

breast milk contains antibodies

82
Q

why is formula potentially dangerous

A
  • more protein than breast milk which can damage immature kidneys
  • no antibodies
83
Q

what volume should infant meals be

A

2-20 mL

84
Q

what is the first milk produce after birth

A
  • colostrum
  • thin yellowish liquid
85
Q

what does colostrum do for the baby

A
  • can high amount of protein and antibodies
  • serves as laxative to clear meconium (first poop)
86
Q

why is there no benefit to breastfeeding after 12 months

A

breast milk becomes diminished in nutrients

87
Q

when should solid foods start to be introduced

A
  • after 6 months
  • in addition to supplemental breastfeeding
88
Q

how many additional calories from pre-pregnancy requirements should mothers who are exclusively breastfeeding get

A

640 calories per day for the first 6 months (when exclusively breastfeeding)

89
Q

describe the breakdown of the 640 additional calories needed when exclusively breastfeeding

A
  • 500 calories from diet
  • rest from maternal fat stores
90
Q

how many additional calories per day should a mother who is breastfeeding in addition to giving solid foods get

A

400 calories per day

91
Q

what are the nutritional needs for carbohydrates for breastfeeding mothers

A

requires additional 80g of carbs from pre-pregnancy requirements

92
Q

what are the nutritional needs for protein for breastfeeding mothers

A

additional 15-20g above pre-pregnancy requirements

93
Q

what are the nutritional needs for fats for breastfeeding mothers

A
  • 30-35% of total calories
  • no change from pre-pregnancy requirements
94
Q

what happens to the iron needs of mothers during lactation

A

decrease

95
Q

describe what happens to an infants birth weight during the first year

A
  • double birth weight by 4-6 months
  • triple birth weight by 12 months
96
Q

what are the calorie requirements for infants

A

40-50 calories per pound of body weight per day

97
Q

AMDR for fat for infants

A

50-60%

98
Q

where do infants get a lot of fat from

A

breast milk

99
Q

AMDR for protein for infants

A

20%

100
Q

why are infants at an increased risk for dehydration

A
  • lose more water via evaporation (brown adipose tissue producing heat and high surface area compared to size)
  • kidneys not completely developed (less recycling of water)
101
Q

what are the fluid requirements for infants

A

1/3 cup of fluid per pound of body weight (up to 18 pounds)

102
Q

why should you not dilute formula with water

A
  • may dilute the sodium in blood (hyponatremia)
  • may cause water intoxication (hyponatremia)
  • can lead to seizures, coma, and death
103
Q

should you give an infant cow’s milk, goat’s milk, or soy milk and why

A
  • no
  • contains too much protein for the kidneys to handle
104
Q

what vitamin shot is given to infants right after birth and why

A
  • vitamin K
  • GI tract doesn’t have bacteria that make vitamin K
105
Q

why might infants need additional vitamin D supplements

A

vitamin D is low in breast milk

106
Q

when do infants who are exclusively breastfeeding start needing iron supplements and why

A
  • 4-6 months
  • iron content in breast milk starts decreasing
107
Q

at what age may infants need fluoride supplements

A

over 6 months

108
Q

why might a baby need vitamin B12 supplements

A

if mother is vegan

109
Q

what two nutrients are reasons why solid foods are not needed until 6 months of age and why

A
  • iron and zinc
  • healthy infants born with iron and zinc stores
  • levels of iron and zinc decrease in breast milk after 3 months
  • infant stores used up by 6 months
110
Q

define complementary foods

A

solids and liquids that join breastfeeding in normal progression toward adult eating patterns

111
Q

why should you not introduce solid foods before 6 months

A
  • enzyme for digestion of starches is not produced in sufficient amounts until 6 months
  • may increase risk of type 1 diabetes because of stress put on pancreas
  • fruits and vegetables can increase risk of anemia
  • choking if not finely prepared
  • increase risk of obesity later in life
  • extrusion reflex
112
Q

what is often the first food introduced to infants and why

A
  • iron-fortified cereals such as rice cereal
  • least allergenic
113
Q

describe the extrusion reflex and it’s significance in timing of starting solid foods

A
  • extrusion reflex is when a baby instinctively sticks tongue out when things are brought to their mouth
  • usually gone by 6 months of age
114
Q

what are physical signs an infant is ready for solid foods

A
  • loss of extrusion reflex
  • capable of sitting on their own
  • become intrigued with sight of spoon or fork
  • capable of bringing item to their mouth
  • able to chew and swallow
115
Q

what are recommendations regarding order of solid food introductions based on

A

preventing allergies

116
Q

why should you introduce one type of solid food at a time

A
  • so you can watch for allergies
  • of allergic reaction occurs, you will know what caused it
117
Q

what is the typical sequence of solid food introduction

A
  • iron-fortified cereals
  • fruits and vegetables
  • meats
118
Q

define bottle-mouht syndrome

A
  • caused by infants going to bed with a bottle of milk or juice
  • carbs in the drink are fermented by oral bacteria causing dental decay

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

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