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NUTR 202 > Module 13: Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Module 13: Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

define disordered eating

A
  • range of eating disorders and behaviors
  • spanning from less severe behaviors to more severe diagnoses
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2
Q

examples of clinically diagnosed diseases of disordered eating

A
  • anorexia nervosa
  • bulimia nervosa
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3
Q

is anorexia nervosa and clinical anorexia the same thing

A

no

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4
Q

define clinical anorexia

A
  • absence of hunger cues or loss of appetite
  • physiological reason (when you’re sick)
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5
Q

examples of behaviors of disordered eating

A
  • unhealthy eating patterns
  • compensatory habits
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6
Q

what are some examples of compensatory habits

A
  • extreme dieting
  • extreme exercise
  • elimination: purging, laxative use, etc
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7
Q

describe the continuum of disordered eating

A
  • disordered eating is on a broad spectrum
  • ranges from healthy eating with a good body image to pre-occupation with weight to distorted body image to clinically diagnosed conditions
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8
Q

who can make an eating disorder diagnosis

A

physician or psychologist after an assessment of a patient

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9
Q

where would you find the criteria to diagnose an eating disorder

A

diagnostic and statistical manual, fifth edition (DSM-V)

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10
Q

what eating disorders are define in the DSM-V

A
  • anorexia nervosa
  • bulimia nervosa
  • binge eating disorder
  • other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)
  • unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED)
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11
Q

define anorexia nervosa

A

refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (BMI less than 18.5)

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12
Q

common characterizations of anorexia nervosa

A
  • intense fear of gaining weight
  • generally underweight
  • poor body image
  • amenorrhea may occur in females
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13
Q

what are the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa

A
  • restricting type
  • binge-eating/purging type
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14
Q

define the restricting type of anorexia nervosa

A

restricting food intake

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15
Q

define the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa

A

eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time and then purging

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16
Q

how is bulimia nervosa different from the binge-eating/purging subtype of anorexia nervosa

A
  • anorexia nervosa binge- eating patients are below a normal weight/BMI
  • bulimia nervosa patients are usually of normal weight/BMI
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17
Q

define bulimia nervosa

A
  • binging: eating large quantities of food in a short period of time
  • followed by compensatory behavior: purging, laxative use, dieting, excessive exercise
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18
Q

what is a common feeling/driver of many eating disorders

A
  • feelings of loss of control
  • disordered eating to regain feeling of control
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19
Q

what are the two subtypes of bulimia nervosa

A
  • purging bulimia
  • non-purging bulimia
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20
Q

define the purging bulimia nervosa subtype

A

purging after binging by means of laxatives, diuretics, or vomiting

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21
Q

define the non-purging bulimia nervosa subtype

A

engaging in compensatory behaviors besides purging after binging such as excessive exercise or dieting

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22
Q

what protein causes binge eating to provide temporary escape from negative feelings and why

A
  • neuropeptide y
  • decreases anxiety and pain; increases hunger
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23
Q

define binge eating disorder

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • lack of compensatory behaviors to control weight (no dieting, exercise, purging)
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24
Q

describe the prevalence of binge eating disorder in the general population

A
  • 1-2% - probably much higher
  • often goes unreported
  • may be higher among obese individuals
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25
Q

define other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)

A
  • disordered eating patterns and behaviors that do not meet specific criteria for other eating disorder diagnoses
  • interfere with normal daily life
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26
Q

what are two ways that eating disorders often interfere with normal daily life

A
  • reduced ability to engage in social interactions
  • inability to perform work at expected level
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27
Q

examples of other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)

A
  • atypical anorexia nervosa
  • bulimia nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration)
  • binge eating disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration)
  • purging disorder
  • night eating syndrome
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28
Q

define atypical anorexia nervosa

A
  • OSFED
  • weight is at or above the normal range (BMI over 18.5)
  • still have manifestations of anorexia nervosa
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29
Q

define bulimia nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration)

A
  • OSFED
  • same symptoms of bulimia nervosa
  • frequency less than 1 episode per week
  • duration less than 3 months
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30
Q

define bing eating disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration)

A
  • OSFED
  • same symptoms of binge eating disorder
  • frequency less than 1 episode per week
  • duration less than 3 months
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31
Q

define purging disorder

A
  • OSFED
  • recurrent purging to influence weight in absence of binging
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32
Q

define night eating syndrome

A
  • OSFED
  • recurrent episodes of night eating: eating after waking or excessive food intake after evening meal
33
Q

define unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED)

A
  • eating disorders that do not meet specific criteria for eating disorder or when there is not enough information to classify something as an eating disorder
  • results in clinically significant distress or impaired social and occupational engagement
34
Q

what is the difference between OSFED and UFED

A
  • OSFED: conditions that don’t meet the specific criteria for other eating disorders
  • UFED: there is insufficient information about a particular eating disorder
35
Q

examples of unspecified feeding or eating disorders (UFED)

A
  • orthorexia
  • avoidance restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
  • pica
  • rumination/purging disorder
36
Q

define orthorexia

A
  • UFED
  • fixation on righteous eating
  • obsession with eating only foods considered pure and of high quality (organic, low-fat, sugar-free, grass-fed beef, no GMOs/antibiotics)
37
Q

describe avoidance restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

A
  • UFED
  • person is at or above a normal BMI
  • avoid certain foods usually because of sensation of food (taste, sight, smell, texture)
  • do not have poor body image
38
Q

define pica

A
  • UFED
  • craving or consumption of non-food items (paint chips, chalk, hair)
  • may be experienced with pregnancy
  • idiopathic
39
Q

define rumination/purging disorder

A
  • UFED
  • purging of food without poor self-image
  • no physiological impairment causing purges
  • idiopathic
40
Q

examples of eating disorders not associated with poor self-image

A
  • ARFID
  • pica
  • rumination/purging disorder
41
Q

when do disordered eating behaviors often become most obvious

A

during adolescence

42
Q

what ages do eating disorders affect

A

all ages

43
Q

how early can signs of eating disorders be observed

A

7

44
Q

why do women over 40 often develop eating disorders

A

response to traumatic event (death, assault, divorce)

45
Q

what percent of reported cases of eating disorders are men

A
  • 10%
  • many go unreported though
46
Q

what are the most common eating disorders among men

A
  • binge eating disorder
  • OSFED
47
Q

what is a common reason for male eating disorders

A

men feeling pressured to emulate the ideal male physique

48
Q

risk factors for disordered eating behavior

A
  • body dissatisfaction
  • poor self-esteem
  • puberty
  • teasing
  • family
  • athletics
  • dieting
  • cultural pressure
49
Q

what are harmful psychological consequences of eating disorders

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • low self-esteem
  • disturbed body image
  • amenorrhea (in women)
50
Q

what are harmful nutritional consequences of eating disorders

A
  • impaired growth and development in children and teens
  • osteoporosis
  • impaired immune system function
  • infertility
51
Q

how does cultural pressure often cause eating disorders

A
  • portrayal of female body in media
  • advertising
52
Q

define body image

A
  • how individual pictures their body
  • how we feel about how we look
53
Q

what is often the starting point for developing disordered eating behaviors

A

poor body image/body dissatisfaction

54
Q

define body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

A

preoccupied with the thought that the appearance is unattractive or deformed

55
Q

define muscle dysmorphia

A
  • type of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
  • individuals focus on their muscularity and believe they are never muscular enough
  • aka bigorexia
56
Q

teasing by who can cause disordered eating habits

A
  • peers
  • family members
57
Q

what is a common characteristic between people with anorexia and those with bulimia

A
  • low self-esteem
  • highly self-critical
  • perceive self as inadequate
58
Q

who is at highest risk for poor body image in relation to puberty

A

those who mature early or late

59
Q

is puberty often more traumatic for girls or boys

A

girls

60
Q

are family problems often the primary cause of eating disorders

A

no

61
Q

characteristics of families of people with anorexia nervosa

A
  • not accepting individuality
  • overprotectiveness
  • inflexible rules
  • inadequate boundaries
  • inability to effectively communicate
62
Q

what are the 3 health problems associated with female athletes

A
  • disordered eating
  • amenorrhea
  • osteoporosis
63
Q

medical complications of anorexia nervosa

A
  • heart failure
  • kidney failure
  • multiple organ failure
  • illness such as pneumonia
64
Q

what percent of anorexia nervosa patients die

A

5-20%

65
Q

why is illness such as pneumonia a complication of anorexia nervosa

A
  • poor immune response
  • don’t have adequate proteins to make antibodies
66
Q

why is heart failure a complication of anorexia nervosa

A

heart muscle being broken down into amino acids to be made into glucose for energy

67
Q

why is kidney failure a complication of anorexia nervosa

A

amino acids being broken down for energy create ammonia which can be toxic to the kidneys

68
Q

medical complications of bulimia nervosa

A
  • stomach rupture
  • heart failure
  • irregular menstrual cycles
  • diminished libido
  • addictions and/or compulsive behavior
  • depression, anxiety, suicide
69
Q

why is heart failure a complication for bulimia nervosa

A

purging causes loss of electrolytes and other minerals needed for heart contraction and relaxation

70
Q

medical complications of binge eating disorder

A
  • associated with obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • CVD
  • type 2 diabetes
  • gallbladder disease
  • joint problems
  • depression
71
Q

what do people with muscle dysmorphia engage in

A
  • increased training intensity and frequency
  • steroid use
72
Q

what type of steroids are generally used by people with muscle dysmorphia

A

anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)

73
Q

describe anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)

A
  • manufactured hormones related to natural male sex hormones (testosterone)
  • developed in 1930s for medical purposes
  • illegal to possess without prescription
  • banned in most competitive sports
74
Q

what are negative side effects of AAS

A
  • reduced testicular size and enlarged breasts
  • acne
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased LDL cholesterol
  • decreased HDL cholesterol
  • liver cancer
  • aggressive behavior
  • hepatitis B and C viruses
  • HIV
75
Q

why does AAS use cause testicular atrophy

A
  • artificially increasing testosterone levels
  • cells in testes that naturally make testosterone don’t need to anymore so they shrink
76
Q

why does AAS use cause gynecomastia (enlarged breasts)

A
  • AAS increase testosterone
  • excess testosterone converted to estrogen which causes enlarged breasts
77
Q

is aggression a primary or secondary emotion

A

secondary

78
Q

describe the treatment of eating disorders

A
  • established on individual basis
  • use multidisciplinary treatment approach
  • different types of therapy, nutrition counseling
79
Q

is physical appearance reliable for determining whether someone has an eating disorder

A

no

NUTR 202 (14 decks)

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