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Anatomy And physiology > Module 9 - Urinary system > Flashcards

Module 9 - Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 bladder and 1 urethra

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2
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the kidney?

A 
Regulation of ion levels in the blood
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Regulation of Blood PH
Production of  Hormones
Excretion of wastes
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3
Q

what are the three layers that surround each Kidney?

A

Transparent renal Capsule, Adipose capsule and outer renal fascia

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4
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney. from the renal capsule down to the ureter.

A

renal capsule, then the renal cortex, the renal medulla. The renal pyramid and in between are renal collumns. the medula drains into a renal papilla then into a minor calyx and then a major calyx. Into a renal pelvic then the ureter.

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5
Q

briefly describe the blood pathway through the kidneys

A

Renal arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, Peritubular capillaries, peritubular veins, renal vein.

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6
Q

what are the two parts that make up the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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7
Q

what are the two parts that make up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Glomerular (bowman’s) Capsule.

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8
Q

what happens in the renal corpuscle?

A

blood plasma is filtered.

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9
Q

What happenes in the renal tubule?

A

glomerular filtrate passes through it.

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10
Q

what are the three main sections of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convulated tubule, nephron loop (loop of henle) and distal convulated tubule.

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11
Q

what are the three sections of the loop of henle?

A

Decending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb.

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12
Q

what are the three processes involved in urine production?

A

Filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

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13
Q

what two things make up the filtration membrane of glomerular filtration?

A

Inner podocytes and glomerular endothelium.

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14
Q

what type of cell makes up the outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

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15
Q

what is the net filtration pressure?

A

about 10 millimetres mercury

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16
Q

What is the formula for Net filtration pressure?

A

NFP = Glomerular capillary blood pressure - (Blood colloidal osmotic pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)

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17
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate? GFR

A

Amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute

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18
Q

what is the average GFR/ min

A

125ml/min about 180L/day

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19
Q

what are the three mechanisms that control GFR?

A

Renal Autoregulation, Neural regulation, hormonal regulation.

20
Q

Under regular conditions what does the kidney employ to maintain a constant GFR?

A

Renal Autoregulation

21
Q

what are the two mechanisms which renal autoregulation can occur by?

A

Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback.

22
Q

Explain Myogenic Feedback.

A

stretching of the walls of afferent arterioles from increase in blood pressures causes the smooth muscles in the walls of the afferent arterioles to contract. This reduces blood flow through the glomerulus and reduces GFR.

23
Q

Explain Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

decrease in filtrate osmolarity (low sodium and chloride ion concentrations) causes the macula densa cells (special cells in the distal tubule) to promote vasodilation of the afferent arterioles, which increases blood flow to the glomerulus and increases GFR.

24
Q

Explain neural regulation of GFR through the ANS

A

extreme stress when blood must be shunted to the vital organs, sypathetic nervous system triggers the release of norepinephrine, causing contriction of the afferent arterioles leading to a reduction in filtrate formation.

25
Q

define tubule reabsorption

A

This is when water, ions and other substances get reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries into the blood. From nephron out to the blood

26
Q

Define Tubule Secretion

A

Substances such as wastes drugs and excess ions get secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule into urine.
From blood into Nephron,

27
Q

what does tubular secretion help to do?

A

control blood PH and to eliminate other substances from the body.

28
Q

when does the fluid in the nephron become tubular fluid?

A

when it enters the proximal convulated tubule.

29
Q

typically how much water is reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

about 99% is reabsorbed and 1% is excreted as urine.

30
Q

Which Ion has the most important role when it comes to reabsorption

A

Na+ Sodium.

31
Q

what type of cells in the tubules carry out reabsorption?

A

Epithelial.

32
Q

what percentage of water is reabsorpted in the Proximal Convoluted tubule.

A

65%

33
Q

what are the two main things reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted tubule?

A

100% Amino acids and 100% Glucose. Also large quantities of various ions like sodium potassium chloride biocarb calcium and magnesium.

34
Q

what does the reabsorbtion of NA+ do?

A

The reabsorption of Na+ creates an osmotic gradient that promotes the reabsorption of water by osmosis.

35
Q

What is the third function of the nephrons and collecting duct?

A

Tubular Secretion

36
Q

What are the two things that effect NFP

(net filtration pressure)?

A

Blood colloid pressure
Glomerular capsule pressure.

Increase in these creates decrease in GF

37
Q

What is the equation for finding out NFP?

A

Glomerular capillary BP -

blood colloidal osmotic pressure - glomerular capsule pressure

38
Q

What does the glomerular filtration membrane consist of?

A

Glomerular endothelium
Glomerular basement membrane
Skit membranes between pedicels of podocytes

39
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

10 mm Hg ( millimetres of mercury)

40
Q

What are the two mechanisms of renal auto Regulation?

A

Myogonic and tubuloglomerular feedback

41
Q

Explain renal auto regulation in regards to myogenic feedback.

A

Increased BP stretches walls of afferent arterioles causing smooth muscle contractions in walls of afferent arterioles. This reduces blood flow through glomerulus which reduces GFR

42
Q

Explain renal auto regulation by tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Decrease in filtrate osmolarity (low sodium and chloride ion concentrations) causes special cells ( macula densa) in distal tubule to promote vasodilation of afferent arterioles which increases blood flow to glomerulus and increases GFR.

43
Q

Explain neural regulation of GFR through ANS

A

Extreme stress, the sympathetic nervous system triggers norepinephrine release causing constriction of afferent arterioles leading to reduction in filtration formation

44
Q

Explain hormonal regulation of GFR

A

Through hormones like ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Blood volume increases, atria releases ANP, causing kidney to lose sodium and water, lowering blood pressure

45
Q

Explain some of the functions of tubular reabsorption

A

Happens in proximal convoluted tubule mostly
Epithelial cells carry it out
99% water reabsorption and 1% secreted in urine
Reabsorption of sodium creates an osmotic gradient that promotes reabsorption of water by osmosis.

46
Q

What are some functions of tubular secretion

A

Helps control blood PH
Takes place along all renal tubules and collection duct
Occurs by both passive and active transport
Secretes substances like Hydrogen potassium ammonia uria creatinine and drugs

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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