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Anatomy And physiology > Module 11 - The reproductive system > Flashcards

Module 11 - The reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four systems of ducts in the male reproductive system?

A

Epididymis, ductus deferents,ejaculatory ducts and the urethra.

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2
Q

What does the cremaster muscle in the testes do?

A

Elevates the scrotum to be closer to the body for temperature regulation

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3
Q

Describe the male up of the testes

A

200-300 lobules each contain 1-3 coiled seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What produces sperm?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal v sickies, prostate, bulbourethral glad.

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6
Q

Where are the Sertoli cells and what are there function?

A

embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the tubules.
They support and nourish spermatocytes spermatids and spermatozoa.
Mediate effects of testosterone and FSH on spermatogenesis,
Phagozytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
Control movememnts of spermatogenic cells and release of spermatoxoa into lumen of seminiferous tubules.
secrete fluid for sperm transport and hormone inhibin.

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7
Q

Where are Lydig cells found and what do they do>

A

Found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules and they secrete testosterone and androgen.

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8
Q

what is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

to reduce the choromosones by half.

Makes haploid cells with only 23 chromosomes

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9
Q

what are the 4 phases of miosis 1

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase.

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10
Q

Explain the main points of the 4 stages of miosis 1

A

Prophase 1 - Chromosomes shorten and thicken,Nuclear envolope disapears, two sister chromatids pair off and parts of chromatids exchange parts.
Metaphase 1- Tetrads line up along metaphase plate
Anaphase- Pairs seperate
Telephase - Haploid number

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11
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm cells

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12
Q

explain the process of spermatogenesis

A

diploid spermatogia (stem cells) undergo mitosis to develop cells for sperm production.
Diploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 and form haploid secondary spermatocytes.
Meiosis 2 results in the formation o haploid spermatids.

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13
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

300 million/day

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14
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female for?

A

up to 48 hours

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15
Q

Explain the make up of a sperm

A

The head contains Acrosome an enzymes for penetration of the egg and the DNA
The tail consists of a neck, middle piece full of mitochondria, principal piece which is the longest and a end piece.

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16
Q

which hormone stimulates the leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

A

Lutinizing hormone LH

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17
Q

what does LH stimulate in the Male reproductive system?

A

Lydig ccells to secrete testosterone.

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18
Q

Which to hormones work together to stimulate Spermatogenesis?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Testosterone.

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19
Q

What does FSH and Testosterone stimulate in the male reproductive system?

A

Spermatogenesis.

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20
Q

Which hormone does Sertoli cells release?

A

Inhibin

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21
Q

what does inhibin do in the male reproductive system?

A

stops the Follicle stimulating hormone.

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22
Q

what happens in the Epididymis?

A

sperm are moved here from the seminiferous tubules for maturation.

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23
Q

Name the three duct systems of the male anatomy.

A

Epididymis, ductus (vas) Deferens, Ejaculatory ducts ( move sperm to urethre)

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24
Q

What happens in the Ductus (vas) Deferens?

A

Sperm is stored for several months. less convoluted, increased diameter, 3 layers of muscles for sperm movement with contractions

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25
Q

Name 4 accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system

A

Seminal Vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands (cowpers)

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26
Q

what makes up 60% of the volume of semen?

A

Seminal vesicles secretions

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27
Q

What is secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Alkaline - acid nutrilizing
Fructose - ATP production for sperm
Prostaglandins - sperm motility
Clotting proteins - Help sperm coagulate.

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28
Q

what is secreted by the prostate gland?

A

Milky slightly acidic fluid pH6.5
Citric acid - Used for ATP by sperm via Kreb
Acid Phosphatase
Proteolytic enzymes, PSA

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29
Q

What makes up 25% of volume of semen?

A

Prostate gland secretions

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30
Q

What do the bulbourethral (cowpers) Glands secret?

A

Alkaline for neutralization and lubrication

31
Q

what is the average pH of semen?

A

7.2-7.7

32
Q

How much on average is secreted with semen?

A

2.5-5ml

33
Q

what are the parts of the penis?

A

root(attached portion)
Body Corpora cavernosa, corpis spongiosum
Glans penis

34
Q

what are the 5 parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

35
Q

how big are the ovaries and how are they held in place?

A

Size of almonds held by ligaments

36
Q

what are the 4 hormones produced in the ovaries?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, inhibin and relaxin

37
Q

what is the main function ofthe ovaries?

A

Produce secondary oocytes

38
Q

what are the three layers of the ovary?

A 
Germinal epithelium ( layer of simple epithelian covers surface of ovary)
Ovarian cortex ( dense connectice tissue that contains follicles)
Ovarian Medulla ( deep region, loose connectice tissue, blood vessels lymphatic tissue and nerves.)
39
Q

what does the follicle secrete?

A

estrogen

40
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Reminants of ovulated follicle

41
Q

what is the Corpus albicans?

A

fibrous tissue from broken down corps luteum.

42
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of gamates in the ovaries

43
Q

oogonia is what?

A

Primary oocytes

44
Q

how many oocytes are women born with and how does that change over time?

A

at birth 200 000- 2 million/ovary. at puberty 40 000 only 400 mature during a womens reproductive lifecycle.

45
Q

what is the main function of the fallopian tubes?

A

to transport secondary oocyte from the ovary to the uterus

46
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

the funnel shaped end of each tube

47
Q

what are fimbrae?

A

the finger like projections on the end of fallopian tubes.

48
Q

what is a main event that happens in the fallopian tube?

A

fertilization

49
Q

how long after fertalization does it take for the egg to decend to the uterus?

A

within 7 days

50
Q

what are the three sections of the uterus?

A

Fundus, body and Cervix

51
Q

what are the three tissue layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

52
Q

what makes up the perimetrium of the uterus?

A

its the outer layer made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tisue.

53
Q

what is the myometrium made of ?

A

middle muscle layers, smooth muscle

54
Q

What is the endometrium made of

A

inner mucous membrane, nourishes fetus.

55
Q

what are two parts of the vagina?

A

The fornix - A recess surrounding the cervix

Hymen - Thin fold of mucus membrane partially covering vaginal orifice.

56
Q

what is the vulva?

A

external genitalia of female.

57
Q

what are the mammary glands?

A

modified subdoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk.

58
Q

what two muscles do the mammary glands lay over?

A

pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.

59
Q

what are the two stages of the female reproductive cycle?

A

ovarian cycle and uterine(menstrual) cycle

60
Q

explain the path of hormones for the female reproductive system.

A

the hypothalamus stimulates GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH which triggers follicular growth estrogen secretion and ovulation.

61
Q

what does FSH do in the female reproductive system?

A

initial development of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion by the ovaries.

62
Q

what does LH do in the female reproductive system?

A

Further developement of ovarian follicles, ovulation secretion of estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum

63
Q

what does estrogen do in the female reproductive system?

A

Developement and maintenance of female reproductive structures
Stimulate protein synthesis, acting together with insulin like growth factors, insulin and thyroid hormones
lower blood cholesterol
estrogen in blood at moderate levels inhibit GnRH release.

64
Q

What does progesterone do in the female reproductive system?

A

Prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum and mammary glands for milk secretion.

65
Q

What does relaxin do in the female reproductive system

A

secreted from corpus luteum relazes uterus by inhibiting contractions of myometrium

66
Q

What does inhibin do in the female reproductive system?

A

From growing follicles and corpus luteum

Inhibits FSH and LH

67
Q

what are the four phases of the female reproductive system?

A

Menstrual phase, Preovulatory phase, Ovulation, postovulatory phase.

68
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase in the ovaries and the uterus?

A

ovary: follicles grow and enlarge
Uterus: 50-150ml of blood and tissue cells from endometrium in period. Decrease in hormones estrogen and progesterone causes uterine arteries to constrict killing cells so they slough off.

69
Q

When is the preovulatory phase

A

Time between end of menstration and ovulation

70
Q

what happens during the preovulatory phase in the ovaries and uterus?

A

Ovaries: 1-FSH growing follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin.
2-One folicle outgrows others to become dominant by day 6.
3-Estrogen and Inhibin from dominant follicle decrease
FSH killing small follices.
4-Dominant follice becomes mature follicle
5-Menstrual phase and preovulatory phase = Follicular phase.
Uterus: Estrogen in blood from growing follicles stimulates repair of endometrium
Short straight endometrial glands develop arteriols coil and lengthen.

71
Q

explain What happens during ovulation phase

A

Rupture of mature follice and release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity. usually day 14.
Increase estrogen from maturing follicle in preovulatory phase has possitie feedback on LH and GnRH making surge of LH
Surge of LH makes rupture of mature follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte.

72
Q

When is the Post ovulation phase?

A

Time between ovulation and day 1 of next period

73
Q

What happens during the post ovulation phase?

A

Ovarie: not fertalized- Corpus luteum last 2 weeks then becomes corpus albicans. Progesterone estrogin and inhibin decrease.
Fertalized- Begins to divide, Corpis luteum persists past 2 weeks by Hcg.
Uterus: Estrogen and progesterone from corpus luuteum promote growth of endometrium glands with secrete glycogen and vasularize and thicken endometrium.

74
Q

What does hormonal birth control do?

A

Estrogen and progesterone combined pills inhibit ovulation by supressing GnRH FHS and LH.
Low levels of FSH and LH prevent LH surge from developing dominant follicle.
Progestins thicken cervical mucus making it hard for sperm to enter.

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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