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Anatomy And physiology > Chapter 8 - Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define Nutriants

A

a chemical substance that the body uses for growth, maintenane and repair

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2
Q

What are the 6 main nutriants?

A

carbs, lipids,protiens, water, minerals and vitamins

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3
Q

define metabolism?

A

sum of chemical reactions of the body

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4
Q

define anabolism

A

combining substances into more complex ones, uses more energy then produces

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5
Q

Define Catabolism

A

Breaks down complex organic compounds, releases energy.

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6
Q

what happens to carbohydrates after they are eaten?

A

poly and Disaccharides are catabolized into monosaccharide (glucose), fructose and galactose(changed into glucose shortly after absorptioN)

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7
Q

how does the body decide what happens with the glucose?

A

depends on the needs of the body cells.

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8
Q

what happens when the body requires ATP immediatly?

A

cells oxidize the glucose that is absorbed.

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9
Q

what happens if the glucose is not needed immediatly?

A

converted to glycogen for storage in liver cells and skeletal muscle fibers.

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10
Q

what happens when glucose is not needed immediately and the glycogen stores are full

A

the liver cells can transform the glucose into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue.

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11
Q

how does glucose move into cells?

A

facilitated diffusion.

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12
Q

what are the 4 stages of glucose catabolism ( cellular respiration)?

A

1-Glycolysis
2-Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A
3- Krebs cycle
4-Electron transport chain

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13
Q

explain Glycolysis

A

it is Anearobic metabolism ( doesnt require oxygen). Happens in the cytosol. breaks down 1 - 6carbon glucose molecule into 2pyruvic acids. which produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH, 2H

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14
Q

what happens to pyruvic acid when there is oxygen and when there is no oxygen?

A

in aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyle Coenzyme A and enters the Krebs cyle. If it is in Anarobic conditions it is reduced to lactic acid.

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15
Q

Describe the formation of Coenzyme A

A

Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria. It is then converted into a 2 carbon fragement (acetyle group) attaching to coenzyme to form Acetyle Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Describe the Kreb Cycle

A

energy transfers from Acetyle Coenzyme A to Nad and FAD forming NADH and FADH. it produces C02 and 1 ATP for each Acetyle Coenzyme A that enters. to get energy from NADH and FADH they go to the electron transport chain

17
Q

Describe the Electron transport chain

A

NADH + H and FADH pass there high electrons through electron carriers and ATP is produced.

18
Q

Which two processes make up Aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Kreb cyle and electron transport chain.

19
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscles. its stimulated by insulin.

20
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

the conversion of glycogen back into glucose. stimulated by glucagon and epi

21
Q

what is Gluconeogenesis?

A

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. occurs when liver is stimulated by cortisol and glucagon

22
Q

explain some lipid Metabolism

A

Lipids can be oxidized to produce ATP. some stored in adipose tissue

23
Q

what do triglycerides break into during lipolysis?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

how is glycerol broken down after lipolysis?

A

becomes glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

25
Q

how is fatty acid broken down?

A

two carbon atoms are removed and added to coenzyme A making it acetyle coenzyme A. Some Acetyle Coenzyme A becomes Ketone bodie in the liver

26
Q

what is lipogenesis?

A

triglyceride systhesis from usually glucose or other things

27
Q

how are lipids transported?

A

in lipoprotiens

28
Q

what are the four types of lipoprotiens?

A

chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotiens (VLDL), Low-density Lipoprotiens (LDL), High-density lipoprotiens (HDL)

29
Q

where are the lipoprotien Chylomicrons formed and what do they do?

A

formed in the absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine. they transport dietary lipids to adipose tissue for storage.

30
Q

explain Very Low-Density Lipoprotiens (VLDL)

A

transport triglycerides made in liver to adipose cells for storage. afterwards are converted to LDL’s

31
Q

Explain Low-Density Lipoprotiens (LDL)

A

carry 75% of cholesterol in blood and deliver to cells in body for repair of cell membranes and sythesis of steroid hrmones and bile salts

32
Q

protiens are warhoused for future use instead they are?

A

ozidized to produce ATP or sythesize new protiens for growth and repair of body tissures.

33
Q

what stimulates the Active transport of amino acids into body cells?

A

Insulin like growth factors (IGF’s) and Insulin.

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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