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Anatomy And physiology > Module 12 - Development and Inheritance > Flashcards

Module 12 - Development and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

when is the fetal and embryonic period?

A

Embryonic period is Fertilization - 8 weeks

Feral period is week 9 - Birth

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2
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

the fallopian tubes

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3
Q

how long is the secondary oocyte viable for after ovulation?

A

24 hours.

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4
Q

what is capacitation?

A

functional changes in sperm, tail beats more vigerously and plasma membrane prpares to fuze with oocytes.

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5
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Cells surrounding secondary oocyte

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6
Q

what is the Zona pellucida?

A

the clear glycoprotein layer in oocyte

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7
Q

what do the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida do?

A

act as a receptor for sperm releasing enzymes from acrosome that digest a path through the zona pellucida.

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8
Q

what happens after the sperm enters the oocyte?

A

The oocyte completes meiosis 2.

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9
Q

define cleavage

A

it is the early rapid mitotic cell division of a zygote

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10
Q

what is a zygote?

A

after oocyte is fertalized by sperm it becomes a zygote

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11
Q

what are the cells produced by cleavage?

A

Blastomeres

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12
Q

what is the morula?

A

a solid mass of cells produced by successful cleavages.

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13
Q

how long after fertilization does the first devision take place?

A

24hrs.

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14
Q

how many cells are generally present on day 2 after fertilization?

A

4 cells

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15
Q

How many cells are generally present on day 3 after fertilization?

A

16 cells

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16
Q

around which day does the morula move to the uterine cavity?

A

4 or 5

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17
Q

what does the morula develop into

A

a blastocyte.

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18
Q

what is a blastocyte?

A

hollow ball of cells around a fluid filled cavity called the blastocyte cavity.

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19
Q

how is the blastocyte cavity formed?

A

Glycogen rich secretion from the endometrium penetrate morula and collect between blastomeres, reorganizing them around large fluid filled cavity.

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20
Q

what does the blastocyte differentiate into?

A

trophoblast (future embryonic membranes), inner cell mass (embryoblast the future embryo) and an internal fluid filled cavity alled the blastocele.

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21
Q

how long does the blastocyte remain in the uterine cavity before it attaches to the wall?

A

2-4 days

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22
Q

How many days after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

7-8days

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23
Q

what is the usual spot of implantation in the uterus?

A

POsterior wall of the fundus or the body of the uterus

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24
Q

what two layers does the trophoblast develope into?

A

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

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25
what does the synctiotrophoblast layer do
it helps secrete enzymes that enable the blastocyte to penetrate the uterine lining
26
what does the cytotrophoblast do?
secrete hCG human chronionic gonadotropin. which rescues the corps luteum from degeneration.
27
what is gastrulation?
The first major event of the 3rd week. a Bilaminar (2-layerd) embryonic disk transforms into trilaminar (3 layered) embryonic disc with 3 germ layers
28
what are the three germ layers?
Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
29
what are the four embryonic membranes?
Yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois.
30
explain some functions of the yolk sack
shock absorber, prevents embryo from drying out early site of blood formation
31
what creates the yolk sack?
the blastocyte cavity becomes the holk sack froma hypoblast migrating to over the inner surface of blastocyte wall.
32
what is the amnion?
a thin protective membrane formed by the eighth day after fertilization. Overlies the embryonic disc.
33
what is the connnective tissue surrounding amnion and yolk sack?
extraembryonic mesoderm
34
what are some functions of the amniotic fluid?
shock absorber for fetus. Helps with fetal temp regulation. Prevents adhesion of skin of fetus and surrounding tissue
35
what makes up the Chorion?
extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast
36
what are some functions of the chorion?
surrounds the embryo, eventually beomes principal embryonic part of the placenta, protects fetus from immune response from mom. produces hCG.
37
what is the allantois?
small vascularized membrane formed by an outpoiching of the pre-yolk sac. that serves as an early formation of blood and blood vessels.
38
what forms the placenta>
The fetal portion is formed by the chorionic villi and the maternal portion is formed by part of the endometrium
39
when is the placenta formed?
by the 3rd month of pregnancy
40
what are chorionic villi?
finger like projections consisting of chorion and fetal blood vessels.
41
What are some functions of the placenta?
stores nutriants such as carbs proteins calcium and iron. it produces hormones to help maintain pregnancy. provides a degree of protections since most microorganisms cannot cross it.
42
what does the umbilibal cord consist of?
two umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta and one umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
43
what is the afterbirth?
the placenta detrached from the uterus after the baby is born
44
what are the major events that occur during weeks 4-8 of the embryonic period?
by the end of week 8, all major systems have developed and the embryo is clearly human heart becomes 4 chambered
45
what are the major events of the fetal period weeks 9-38
9 weeks, heart beat can be detected Gender distinguishable 24 weeks lung surfactant produced most can survive after 26 weeks
46
where does progesterone and estrogen come from during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy?
the corpus luteum
47
where does hCG come from?
the chorion
48
what does hCG do?
makes the corpus luteum continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
49
What does Relaxin?
first from corpus luteum then by the placenta. increases flexability of pubis symphysis and ligaments of sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints. Helps dilate cervix for labour.
50
what is Human placental Lactogen (hPL)
secreted from chorion prepares mammary glands for lactation.
51
where is corticotropin-releasing hormone secrted?
from the placenta, It is thought to be the clock that establihes timig of birth. increases secretion of cortisol needed for maturation of fetal lungs and surafctant.
52
Name some of the major changes of the female body during pregnancy
``` Changes in skin pigmentation stretch marks hair loss weight gain breast inlargement Lower back pain increased cardiac output, stroke volume, tidal volume, increased urination increasted appitite heartburn and constipation ```
53
what are the 3 stages of labour
stage of dilation, stage of expulsion and placental stage.
54
explain the stage of dilation
time from onset of labour to complete dilation of the cervix
55
explain the stage of expulsion.
from complete cervix dilation to delivery of the baby
56
Explain Placental stage
After delivery of the placenta the placenta is delivered "afterbirth"
57
what is inheritance?
the passage of hereditary traits from one generation to another
58
what is an allele?
genes that code for the same trait located in the same position on homologous chromosomes
59
how many pairs of chromosomes are in the nuclei of human diploid cells?
23
60
what is a mutation?
permanent heritable change in a gene that causes it to have a different effect then it had previosly.
61
what is a genotype?
The genetic make up
62
what is a phenotype?
the physical expression of a gene
63
BB is this homozygous or heterozygous?
homozygous
64
Bb is this homozygous or heterozygous?
heterozygous
65
what is incomplete dominance?
neither member of an allelic pair dominates, for example sickle cell disease.
66
what is multiple allele inheritance?
double dominant, AB blood type
67
what are autosomes?
the 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that look the same and have the same apearance in both males and females
68
what are sex chromosomes?
X and Y chromosomes look different male are XY and females XX

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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