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Anatomy And physiology > Module 12 - Development and Inheritance > Flashcards

Module 12 - Development and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

when is the fetal and embryonic period?

A

Embryonic period is Fertilization - 8 weeks

Feral period is week 9 - Birth

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2
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

the fallopian tubes

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3
Q

how long is the secondary oocyte viable for after ovulation?

A

24 hours.

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4
Q

what is capacitation?

A

functional changes in sperm, tail beats more vigerously and plasma membrane prpares to fuze with oocytes.

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5
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Cells surrounding secondary oocyte

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6
Q

what is the Zona pellucida?

A

the clear glycoprotein layer in oocyte

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7
Q

what do the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida do?

A

act as a receptor for sperm releasing enzymes from acrosome that digest a path through the zona pellucida.

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8
Q

what happens after the sperm enters the oocyte?

A

The oocyte completes meiosis 2.

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9
Q

define cleavage

A

it is the early rapid mitotic cell division of a zygote

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10
Q

what is a zygote?

A

after oocyte is fertalized by sperm it becomes a zygote

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11
Q

what are the cells produced by cleavage?

A

Blastomeres

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12
Q

what is the morula?

A

a solid mass of cells produced by successful cleavages.

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13
Q

how long after fertilization does the first devision take place?

A

24hrs.

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14
Q

how many cells are generally present on day 2 after fertilization?

A

4 cells

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15
Q

How many cells are generally present on day 3 after fertilization?

A

16 cells

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16
Q

around which day does the morula move to the uterine cavity?

A

4 or 5

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17
Q

what does the morula develop into

A

a blastocyte.

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18
Q

what is a blastocyte?

A

hollow ball of cells around a fluid filled cavity called the blastocyte cavity.

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19
Q

how is the blastocyte cavity formed?

A

Glycogen rich secretion from the endometrium penetrate morula and collect between blastomeres, reorganizing them around large fluid filled cavity.

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20
Q

what does the blastocyte differentiate into?

A

trophoblast (future embryonic membranes), inner cell mass (embryoblast the future embryo) and an internal fluid filled cavity alled the blastocele.

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21
Q

how long does the blastocyte remain in the uterine cavity before it attaches to the wall?

A

2-4 days

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22
Q

How many days after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

7-8days

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23
Q

what is the usual spot of implantation in the uterus?

A

POsterior wall of the fundus or the body of the uterus

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24
Q

what two layers does the trophoblast develope into?

A

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.

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25
Q

what does the synctiotrophoblast layer do

A

it helps secrete enzymes that enable the blastocyte to penetrate the uterine lining

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26
Q

what does the cytotrophoblast do?

A

secrete hCG human chronionic gonadotropin. which rescues the corps luteum from degeneration.

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27
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

The first major event of the 3rd week. a Bilaminar (2-layerd) embryonic disk transforms into trilaminar (3 layered) embryonic disc with 3 germ layers

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28
Q

what are the three germ layers?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

29
Q

what are the four embryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois.

30
Q

explain some functions of the yolk sack

A

shock absorber,
prevents embryo from drying out
early site of blood formation

31
Q

what creates the yolk sack?

A

the blastocyte cavity becomes the holk sack froma hypoblast migrating to over the inner surface of blastocyte wall.

32
Q

what is the amnion?

A

a thin protective membrane formed by the eighth day after fertilization. Overlies the embryonic disc.

33
Q

what is the connnective tissue surrounding amnion and yolk sack?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

34
Q

what are some functions of the amniotic fluid?

A

shock absorber for fetus. Helps with fetal temp regulation. Prevents adhesion of skin of fetus and surrounding tissue

35
Q

what makes up the Chorion?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast

36
Q

what are some functions of the chorion?

A

surrounds the embryo, eventually beomes principal embryonic part of the placenta, protects fetus from immune response from mom. produces hCG.

37
Q

what is the allantois?

A

small vascularized membrane formed by an outpoiching of the pre-yolk sac. that serves as an early formation of blood and blood vessels.

38
Q

what forms the placenta>

A

The fetal portion is formed by the chorionic villi and the maternal portion is formed by part of the endometrium

39
Q

when is the placenta formed?

A

by the 3rd month of pregnancy

40
Q

what are chorionic villi?

A

finger like projections consisting of chorion and fetal blood vessels.

41
Q

What are some functions of the placenta?

A

stores nutriants such as carbs proteins calcium and iron. it produces hormones to help maintain pregnancy.
provides a degree of protections since most microorganisms cannot cross it.

42
Q

what does the umbilibal cord consist of?

A

two umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta and one umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

43
Q

what is the afterbirth?

A

the placenta detrached from the uterus after the baby is born

44
Q

what are the major events that occur during weeks 4-8 of the embryonic period?

A

by the end of week 8, all major systems have developed and the embryo is clearly human
heart becomes 4 chambered

45
Q

what are the major events of the fetal period weeks 9-38

A

9 weeks, heart beat can be detected
Gender distinguishable
24 weeks lung surfactant produced
most can survive after 26 weeks

46
Q

where does progesterone and estrogen come from during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy?

A

the corpus luteum

47
Q

where does hCG come from?

A

the chorion

48
Q

what does hCG do?

A

makes the corpus luteum continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone.

49
Q

What does Relaxin?

A

first from corpus luteum then by the placenta. increases flexability of pubis symphysis and ligaments of sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints. Helps dilate cervix for labour.

50
Q

what is Human placental Lactogen (hPL)

A

secreted from chorion prepares mammary glands for lactation.

51
Q

where is corticotropin-releasing hormone secrted?

A

from the placenta,
It is thought to be the clock that establihes timig of birth. increases secretion of cortisol needed for maturation of fetal lungs and surafctant.

52
Q

Name some of the major changes of the female body during pregnancy

A 
Changes in skin pigmentation
stretch marks
hair loss
weight gain
breast inlargement
Lower back pain
increased cardiac output, stroke volume, tidal volume,
increased urination
increasted appitite heartburn and constipation
53
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour

A

stage of dilation, stage of expulsion and placental stage.

54
Q

explain the stage of dilation

A

time from onset of labour to complete dilation of the cervix

55
Q

explain the stage of expulsion.

A

from complete cervix dilation to delivery of the baby

56
Q

Explain Placental stage

A

After delivery of the placenta the placenta is delivered “afterbirth”

57
Q

what is inheritance?

A

the passage of hereditary traits from one generation to another

58
Q

what is an allele?

A

genes that code for the same trait located in the same position on homologous chromosomes

59
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are in the nuclei of human diploid cells?

A

23

60
Q

what is a mutation?

A

permanent heritable change in a gene that causes it to have a different effect then it had previosly.

61
Q

what is a genotype?

A

The genetic make up

62
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the physical expression of a gene

63
Q

BB is this homozygous or heterozygous?

A

homozygous

64
Q

Bb is this homozygous or heterozygous?

A

heterozygous

65
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

neither member of an allelic pair dominates, for example sickle cell disease.

66
Q

what is multiple allele inheritance?

A

double dominant, AB blood type

67
Q

what are autosomes?

A

the 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that look the same and have the same apearance in both males and females

68
Q

what are sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y chromosomes look different male are XY and females XX

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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