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Anatomy And physiology > Module 10- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Module 10- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the body is made of fluid?

A

55-60%

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2
Q

which is more prevalent, Intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid?

A

Intracellular fluid is 2/3rds of the body and Extra cellular fluid is 1/3rd

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3
Q

What is extracellular fluid made up of?

A

80% Interstitial fluid and 20% blood plasma.

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4
Q

what are the two barriers that seperate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid and blood plasma?

A

the plasma membrane and blood vessel walls

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5
Q

when is the body “Fluid Balanced?

A

When the required amount of water and solutes are present and proportioned in body compartments.

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6
Q

What is a major determinant of fluid balance?

A

Solute concentration

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7
Q

Explain the amounts of water gain and where they come from?

A

Most come from Ingested liquid and moist foods - 2300ml/day - GI Tract
Some from Aerobic cellular respiration - 200ml/day - Metabolic water.

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8
Q

Explain how water is lost from the body and the amounts

A

Gi tract- 100ml
Skin- 600ml
Lungs - 300ml
Kidneys - 1500ml

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9
Q

what governs the urge to drink?

A

the thirst center in the hypothalmas

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10
Q

what stimulates the thirst center?

A

low blood bolume = llow BP = renin release = formation of angiotensis 2 = stimulation of thirst centers
Neurons in the mouth detect dryness from saliva

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11
Q

What regulates water loss?

A

NaCl loss is the main factor determany body fluid volume

Increase in vlood volume stretches atria of heart releasing ANP, ANP promotes natriuresis ( loss of sodium in urine)

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12
Q

what does increase in blood volume do to renin and how does that effect water loss in the body?

A

decreases renin production which decreases angiotensis 2 which decreases aldosterone which decreases the reabsoption of Na and Cl.

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13
Q

how does ADH effect water loss in the body

A

An increase in osmotic pressure (decrease in water concentration of fluids) stimulates ADH which promotes the insertion of water channels and increases water permiability,

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14
Q

what are the 4 general functions of electrolytes?

A

1-Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments
2-Help maintain the acid-base balance
3-Carry electrical currents for action potentials
4-serve as cofactors needed for activity of enzymes

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15
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular Ion?

A

Sodium Na

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16
Q

what controls the level of sodium in the blood?

A

aldosterone anp and ADH

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17
Q

which electrolyte accounts for almost half the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium Na

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18
Q

Where are Chloride ions most prevelent?

A

Extracellular fluid

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19
Q

How is Cl regulated?

A

Clhloride follows sodium so it is indirectly regulated by aldosterone.

20
Q

Where is potassium most abundant?

A

Intracellular fluid

21
Q

What does potassium play a key role in?

A

Membrane potentioal and repolarization, pH regulation because when potassium moves it is exchanged for H.

22
Q

What acts to regulate potassium K?

A

when there is excessive potassium K, more aldosterone is in the blood, which stimulates the collecting ducts to secrete more Potassium, and excess Potassium is lost in urine.

23
Q

Which is the most abundant ion in the body?

A

Calcium, 98% in skeleton and teeth

24
Q

where is calcium found extra or inter cellular?

A

extracellular

25
Q

what are some of the functions of calcium?

A

blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, excitability of nervous and muscle tissue.

26
Q

what are the two main regulators of calcium?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone) and Calcitriol (form of vitamin D).

27
Q

Explain how PTH and Calcitriol regulate calcium.

A

decreased Calcium = Increased PTH = Increase bone resorption by stimulating osteoclasts to release Calcium from glomerular filtrate back into blood and increased productoin of calcitriol which increases calcium absorption from GI tract.

28
Q

what are the three mechanisms for pH maintenance?

A

1- The buffer systems
2- Exhalation of carbon dioxide
3- Kidney excretion of H into urine

29
Q

what are the three buffer systems?

A

1- protien buffer system
2- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
3- Phosphate Buffer system

30
Q

what does the buffer system do?

A

It converts Strong acids and Bases to Weak Acids and Bases

31
Q

explain some things about the protien buffer system

A

It can buffer both acids and bases

Most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma.

32
Q

what is the buffer in red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

33
Q

What is the buffer in blood plasma?

A

Albumin

34
Q

Explain how a protein buffer works

A

Proteins are composed of carboxyl (-COOH) and Amine Group (-NH2). the carboxyl group releases a H when pH increases the H reacts with OH and forms water. When PH Decreases amine group combines with H forming NH3

35
Q

in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, which is a weak acid and which is a weak base?

A

Carbonic acid is a weak acid and bicarbonate is a weak base.

36
Q

In the phosphate buffer system, what are the two and which is a base and which is a acid?

A

Dihydrogen phosphate is a weak acid and monohydrogen phosphate is a weak base

37
Q

what is the slowest mechanism for removal of acids?

A

pH control by the kidneys

38
Q

Hypoventilation causes a increase or decrease in pH?

A

Decrease in pH

39
Q

Hyperventilation causes a increase or decrease in pH?

A

Increase in pH

40
Q

Hypoventilation leads to Resp Acidosis or Resp Alkalossi?

A

Resp Acidosis

41
Q

Hyperventilation leads to resp Acidosis or resp alkalosis?

A

Resp Alkalosis

42
Q

define acidosis

A

pH less then 7.35

43
Q

define alkalosis

A

pH more then 7.45

44
Q

respiratory acidosis and alkalosis measures what apposed to metabolic acidosis and alkalosis which measures what

A

respiratory acidosis and alkalosis measures C02 in the blood where as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis measures bicarbonate concentration.

45
Q

decreased bicarbonate and decreased pH equals what

A

Metabolic Acidosis

46
Q

Increased bicarbonate and increased pH equals what?

A

metabolic alkalosis

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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