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Anatomy And physiology > Module 7 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 7 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average length of the GI tract?

A

5-7 meters

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2
Q

what is the difference between the functional and accessory structures of the digestive system?

A

the funtional structures come into contact with the food, this includes the mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small and large intestine. The accessory structures other then the teeth and tonge never touch the food. they are salivary glands liver gall bladder and pancreas.

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3
Q

what are the 6 basic processes of digestion?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption and defication.

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4
Q

name the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

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5
Q

Describe the mucosa layer of the GI tract

A

has 3 layers, epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue) and muscularis mucosae( has lymph nodes and folds)

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6
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the Gi Tract

A

connective tissue that holds together mucosa and muscularis. has blood and lymphatic vessels for absorption. houses nearons for ANS… enteric nervous system, brain of the gut controls secretions

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7
Q

describe the muscularis layer of the GI tract

A

skeletal in mouth pharynx and upper esophagus, smooth in GI.. circular inner and outer longitudinal. propels food.

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8
Q

describe the serosa (peritoneum) layer of the GI tract

A

secretes fluid so that Gi tract easily moves around other organs, also called the visceral peritoneum. made of simple squamoush epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the difference between the perietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum?

A

the perietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and the visceral peritoneum covers the organs

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10
Q

name some things that are in the retroperitoneal

A

aorta, interior vena cava, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, kidneys and ureters.

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11
Q

what is the difference between the perietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum?

A

the perietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and the visceral peritoneum covers the organs

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12
Q

name some things that are in the retroperitoneal

A

aorta, interior vena cava, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, kidneys and ureters. pancreas

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13
Q

what is the mesentary?

A

binds the small intestine to the abdominal wall

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14
Q

what is the Greater omentum

A

fatty apron over transverse colon. full of adipose tissue and lymph.

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15
Q

name the three salivary glands

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands and the sublingual glands

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16
Q

saliva is made of what

A

99.5% water 0.5% solute

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17
Q

what are two enzymes in saliva and what are they for?

A

amylase - starts digestion of starch, lysozyme - kills bacteria

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18
Q

what controls secretion of saliva?

A

autonomic nervous system. usually parasympathetic stimulation promotes normal secretion, but under stress sympathetic takes over causing dry mouth.

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19
Q

what is the larynx tissue

A

skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane.

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20
Q

what tissue makes up the esophagus?

A

muscle and stratified squamus epithelium

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21
Q

describe the 2 esophageal sphincters

A

upper esophageal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and helps food from pharynx to the esophagus. the lower esophageal sphincter also known as cardiac sphincter is made of smooth muscle and helps food from esophagus to stomach.

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22
Q

what is deglutition?

A

swallowing

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23
Q

what are the four main portions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundas, body, pyloris

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24
Q

describe the stages of swollowing

A

voluntary - Tongue moves bolus to back of throat into oropharynx
pharyngeal stage- breathing stopes, soft palate and uvla close off nasopharynx, epiglottis closes off larynx, vocal chords close. into esophagus.
esophageal stage - circular muscles contract, then longitudinal muscles contract over and over. then down to Lower Esophageal shpincter ( cardiac sphincter) relaxes into stomach it goes

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25
Q

what are the three types of exocrine gland cells are in the gastric glands

A

muscous neck cells, cheif cells and parietal cells

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26
Q

what does each of the three exocrine glands in the gastic glands secrete?

A

mucous neck cells -mucous
Chief cells - pepsinogen
parietal cells - Hydrocloric acid (HCL)

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27
Q

what is different about the stomaches muscularis layer?

A

three layers instead of two of smooth muscle. Outer longitudinallaryer, middle circular layer and an inner oblique layer.

28
Q

what is digested in the stomach and how?

A

protiens by pepsin into amino acids

29
Q

what is the PH of the stomach>

A

PH 2

30
Q

when is gastric emptying the slowest?

A

after a high fat meal

31
Q

what spends the least amount of time in the stomach?

A

carbs

32
Q

which two ducts make up the hepatopancreatic duct?

A

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

33
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

34
Q

which cells make up the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

glandular epithelial cells called acini which secrete pancreatic juice

35
Q

which cells make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islets which secret the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.

36
Q

what are the main contents of pancreatic juice?

A

water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes

37
Q

what is normal range in PH of pancreatic juice? is it alkaline or acidic?

A

7.1-8.2 alkaline

38
Q

what does the alkalotic nature of Pancreatic Juice do to pepsin?

A

deactivates it

39
Q

what are the four things that the pancreatic juice helps to digest?

A

starch, protien,tryglycerides and nucleic acids

40
Q

which enzyme breaks down starch?

A

pancreatic amalayse

41
Q

which enzymes breaks down protein?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carbozypeptidase

42
Q

which enzyme breaks down tryglycerides?

A

pancreatic lipase

43
Q

Which enzymes breaks down nucleic acids?

A

Ribonuclease and deozyribonuclease.

44
Q

what does pacreatic amalayse digest?

A

starch

45
Q

what does pancreatic lipase digest?

A

Tryglycerides

46
Q

what does ribonuclease and deozyribonuclease digest?

A

nucleic acids

47
Q

what does trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase digest?

A

protiens

48
Q

where is the liver located?

A

below the diaphram on the right side

49
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

lower front margin of the liver

50
Q

what separates the right and left lobe of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

51
Q

what are the three microscopic components of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi and hepatic sinusoids

52
Q

what is the major functional cell of the liver called?

A

Hepatocytes

53
Q

explain bile canaliculi

A

small bile ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by hepatocytes.

54
Q

explain the path of bile from bile canaliculi to the duodenum

A

bile canaliculi - bile ducts - right and left hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct joins cystic duct - common bile duct - hematopancreatic duct - duodenum.

55
Q

where does blood drain into the hepatic sinusoids from?

A

oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries and nutriant rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic vein from the GI tract.

56
Q

where are Stellate Reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells and what are there function?

A

They are in the Hepatic Sinusoids. They destroy warn out Red and White Blood cells, bacteria and foreign matter inthe venous blood draining from the GI tract

57
Q

what is biles function

A

aids in emulsification. Breaks down big lipids into small lipids so that pancreatic lipase can digest them rapidly.

58
Q

what is the principal bile pigmant?

A

biliruben

59
Q

what are the 7 functions of the liver?

A 
carbohydrate metabolism.
Lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
processing of drugs and hormones
excretion of bilirubin
storage of vitamins and minerals
activation of vitamin D
60
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

3m when alive

61
Q

What are the three portions of the small intestine!

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

62
Q

what are three types of cells that are in the mucosa layer of the small intestine?

A

absorptive cells goblet cells and epithelial cells

63
Q

what are three special features of the small entestine?

A

circular folds villi and microvilli

64
Q

what are the two types of mechanical digestion in the small intestine?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

65
Q

what is segmentation?

A

localized contractions that slosh chyme mixing it with digestive juices.

66
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

it moves the chyme along the intestines. after segmentation.

67
Q

what are the 4 digestive enzymes from the small intestine and what do they digest?

A

digesting carbs - maltase,sucrase and lactase. Protien digesting - peptidases.

Anatomy And physiology (8 decks)

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