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BPK 140 > Module 9: Mental Health > Flashcards

Module 9: Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blanks: Mental health currently affects ________ globally (WHO); _______ will experience a mental disorder in their lifetime

A

450 million; 1 in 4

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2
Q

define: mental wellness

A

Mental wellness: emotional and psychological health including feelings, moods, thoughts

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3
Q

What are some qualities of mentally healthy individuals (7)

A
  • Establishes and maintains close relationships
  • Carries out responsibilities
  • Values themself
  • Purses work that suits talents and training
  • Accepts own limitations and possibilities
  • Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living
  • Perceives reality as it is
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4
Q

Who created the Maslow Pyramid and when?

A

Abraham Maslow was the first to describe a hierarchy of needs in the 1960s

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5
Q

In order of most to least important, list the Maslow Pyramid (5)?

A
  • Physiological needs
  • Safety and security
  • Love and belonging
  • Self esteem
  • Self actualization
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6
Q

define: self actualization

A

Self actualization: fulfillment of a good measure of their human potential.

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7
Q

define: autonomy

A

Autonomy: independence; the sense of being self-directed

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8
Q

define: self-concept

A

Self-concept: the ideas, feelings, and perceptions people have about themselves

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9
Q

define: self-esteem

A

Self-esteem: satisfaction and confidence in yourself; the valuing of yourself as a person

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10
Q

define: inner directed

A

Inner directed: guided in their behaviour by an inner set of rules and values

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11
Q

define: authenticity

A

Authenticity: quality of genuineness

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12
Q

define: realism

A

Realism: knowing what you can or cannot change and coping with the world as it exists. Realistic people accept evidence that contradicts what they believe.

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13
Q

define: acceptance

A

Acceptance: Feeling good about yourself as you are, imperfections and all

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ Canadians will face a mental health issue at some point in their life; ___ people who feel they have suffered from anxiety or depression have never seen a doctor about their problem

A

1 in 5; 1 in 2

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15
Q

Of all mental health disorders, what % does each make up of all mental disorders in Canada?

  • Anxiety and phobic disorders
  • Panic disorders
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders
  • Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia)
  • Suicide
A

Anxiety and phobic disorders (~12% of Canadians)
Panic disorders (~2-4%)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (~2%)
Depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders (~15-20%)
Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia; ~1%)
Suicide (~4,000 each year)

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16
Q

define: mental disorder

A

Mental disorder: a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

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17
Q

define: generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Generalized anxiety disorder: chronic irrational worry about daily events (work, social relationships, finances)

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18
Q

what are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

A

Symptoms: Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression; nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache

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19
Q

How many Canadians are affected by GAD?

A

~2.5%

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20
Q

What are treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (3)?

A

Treatments: therapy (e.g. CBT), benzodiazepines, antidepressants

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21
Q

What makes up OCD?

A
  • Obsessions (e.g. cleanliness)
  • Compulsions (e.g. must keep everything clean)
  • Rituals (e.g. Lysol in diagonal motion, vinegar in circular motion)
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22
Q

How many Canadians are affected by OCD?

A

~2%

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23
Q

Treatments for OCD (2)

A

Treatments: CBT, antidepressants

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24
Q

List 2 celebrities with OCD

A
  • Howie Mandel

- Leonardo DiCaprio

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25
Q

define: panic disorder

A

Panic disorder: recurrent panic attacks without warning

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26
Q

symptoms of panic disorder

A

Symptoms: Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling of impending doom

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27
Q

treatments for panic disorder (2)

A

Treatments: CBT, anti-anxiety drugs

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28
Q

define: agoraphobia

A

Agoraphobia: panic disorder that involves avoiding certain social situations (riding the bus, flying) due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape or access medical aid if needed

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29
Q

define: phobias

A

Phobias: Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations

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30
Q

How many Canadians are affected by social phobias like public speaking?

A

8-13%

31
Q

How many Canadians are affected by simple/specific phobias like spiders, heights, etc?

A

13%

32
Q

define: preparedness theory

A

Preparedness theory: explains how fear benefited our ancestors (fear of spiders saved those from poisonous spiders)

33
Q

What are some depressive symptoms?

A
  • feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt
  • disturbed sleep; changes in eating patters; weight loss
  • restlessness or fatigue
  • anhedonia; loss of enjoyment of usual activities
  • inability to enjoy life
  • suicidal thoughts
34
Q

How many Canadians are affected by depressive symptoms

A

11%

35
Q

define: seasonal affective disorder (SAD). How many Canadians are affected by it?

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): seasonal depressive symptoms usually occurs in the fall/winter when there is less sunlight (affects 15% of Canadians)

36
Q

How many people are affected by postpartum depression?

A

Postpartum depression affects ~¼ in new mothers

37
Q

Fill in the blank: Many psychological disorders are associated with an imbalance of ________

A

neurotransmitters and their receptors

38
Q

What are symptoms of bipolar disorder

A

Periods of depression, followed by mania

Mania: extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep; grandiosity

39
Q

How many people are affected by bipolar disorder

A

1-3% of Canadians

40
Q

When does bipolar disorder usually manifest?

A

Typically starts in adolescence or early adulthood

41
Q

What are the treatments for bipolar disorder (4)?

A

Treatments: CBT; lithium carbonate (prevents future mood swings); anticonvulsants (mood stabilizer), tranquilizers (manic episodes)

42
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with mood, level of attentiveness and other psychological states (2)?

A
  • serotonin

- norepinephrine

43
Q

What are the acute effects of stress

A
  • quickened breathing
  • more alert brain
  • increased heart rate
  • muscles tense
  • digestive system slows
  • adrenal gland produces stress hormone
44
Q

What are the chronic effects of stress

A
  • cortisol increases glucose production in the liver causing renal hypertension
  • stress hormones damage brain’s ability to remember causing neuron atrophy and death
  • increase in baseline anxiety level
  • heart rate increases
  • adrenal gland produces stress hormones
45
Q

What are 3 general approaches to stress

A
  • change the stressor
  • remove yourself from the stressor
  • change your response to the stressor
46
Q

What new organ did scientists discover in the human throat. Why is this a great find?

A
  • New salivary glands in the upper part of the throat behind the nose
  • The study says that sparing these glands in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy may provide an opportunity to lessen such side effects.
47
Q

How does nerve cell communication works?

A
  1. An electrical impulse travels down the length of a long, fibrelike nerve axon
  2. When an electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (the space between neurons)
  3. Neurotransmitters attach to receptors on a dendrite of another neuron activating a new electrical impulse
  4. Neurotransmitter levels and activity in a synapse are affected both by how much is released and by how much is reabsorbed by the message sending cell
48
Q

define: prozac

A

Prozac: antidepressant drug that increases levels of serotonin by slowing reuptake of serotonin

49
Q

What is the second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34?

A

suicide

50
Q

Fill in the blank: suicide is __ more likely in men and __ higher among indigenous youth

A

3x; 6x

51
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ of Canadian adults report considering suicide at some point

A

15%

52
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (4)

A
  • Hallucinations (auditory, visual, taste)
  • Delusions (patently false beliefs, e.g. I am Joan of Arc)
  • Disorganized speech
  • Grossly disorganized behaviour (e.g. childlike silliness, masturbation in public)
53
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia (4) (symptoms absent that should be present)

A
  • Lack of motivation
  • Blunted feelings
  • Depression
  • Social withdrawal
54
Q

define: psychiatrists

A

Psychiatrists: Have a medical degree (M.D); can prescribe drugs

55
Q

define: psychologists

A

Psychologists: Have an advanced degree in psychology (Ph.D.; M.Sc.); can offer behavioural therapy (e.g. CBT) but not drugs

56
Q

define: social workers

A

Social workers: Training in counselling and usually licensed and registered

57
Q

define: counsellors

A

Counsellors: Various kinds; often, no set specialized training or licensing required

58
Q

define: antidepressants

A

Antidepressants: drugs that work by affecting key neurotransmitters in the brain

59
Q

define: mood stabilizers

A

Mood stabilizers: drugs that bring stability and calm to areas of the brain that have become over stimulated and overactive

60
Q

define: antipsychotics

A

Antipsychotics: drugs that reduce hallucinations and disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and delirium; have a calming effect on agitated patients

61
Q

define: anxiolytics

A

Anxiolytics: antianxiety agents and hypnotics (sleeping pills). enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA—a chemical in the brain that helps you to feel calm. Their effect also produces drowsiness, making it easier to fall asleep and to sleep through the night.

62
Q

define: stimulants

A

Stimulants: commonly used to treat children with ADHD

63
Q

define: behavioural model of therapy

A

Behavioural model: focuses on what people do; stimulus, response and (altering) reinforcement

64
Q

define: cognitive model of therapy

A

Cognitive model: focuses on the effect of ideas on behaviour

65
Q

define: cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones

66
Q

define: stress

A

any situation that disrupts homeostasis

67
Q

define: homeostasis

A

Homeostasis: state of dynamic equilibrium; e.g. regulation of body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels

68
Q

define: general adaptation syndrome

A

model first thought up by Hans Selye; describes how our body reacts to stress

69
Q

What are the 3 stages of GAS

A
  • alarm
  • resistance
  • exhaustion
70
Q

define: eustress

A

Eustress: positive stress and promotes high-level

functioning

71
Q

define: distress

A

Distress: negative stress and decreases performance

72
Q

what 3 things are sleep important for?

A
  1. clearing the brain of wastes
  2. learning and memory
  3. proper immune function
73
Q

who did the ted talk on mental illness?

A

Ruby Wax

74
Q

How does stress impact our skin?

A
  • Chronic stress sends the HPA axis into overdrive
  • One of the most pronounced effects of long-term cortisol release is glucocorticoid resistance. This is when cells in the immune system become less sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol. As a result, cortisol starts to increase inflammation throughout the body and brain.

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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