Module 9: Mental Health Flashcards
Fill in the blanks: Mental health currently affects ________ globally (WHO); _______ will experience a mental disorder in their lifetime
450 million; 1 in 4
define: mental wellness
Mental wellness: emotional and psychological health including feelings, moods, thoughts
What are some qualities of mentally healthy individuals (7)
- Establishes and maintains close relationships
- Carries out responsibilities
- Values themself
- Purses work that suits talents and training
- Accepts own limitations and possibilities
- Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living
- Perceives reality as it is
Who created the Maslow Pyramid and when?
Abraham Maslow was the first to describe a hierarchy of needs in the 1960s
In order of most to least important, list the Maslow Pyramid (5)?
- Physiological needs
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Self esteem
- Self actualization
define: self actualization
Self actualization: fulfillment of a good measure of their human potential.
define: autonomy
Autonomy: independence; the sense of being self-directed
define: self-concept
Self-concept: the ideas, feelings, and perceptions people have about themselves
define: self-esteem
Self-esteem: satisfaction and confidence in yourself; the valuing of yourself as a person
define: inner directed
Inner directed: guided in their behaviour by an inner set of rules and values
define: authenticity
Authenticity: quality of genuineness
define: realism
Realism: knowing what you can or cannot change and coping with the world as it exists. Realistic people accept evidence that contradicts what they believe.
define: acceptance
Acceptance: Feeling good about yourself as you are, imperfections and all
Fill in the blank: ___ Canadians will face a mental health issue at some point in their life; ___ people who feel they have suffered from anxiety or depression have never seen a doctor about their problem
1 in 5; 1 in 2
Of all mental health disorders, what % does each make up of all mental disorders in Canada?
- Anxiety and phobic disorders
- Panic disorders
- Obsessive compulsive disorder
- Depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders
- Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia)
- Suicide
Anxiety and phobic disorders (~12% of Canadians)
Panic disorders (~2-4%)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (~2%)
Depressive and bipolar (mood) disorders (~15-20%)
Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia; ~1%)
Suicide (~4,000 each year)
define: mental disorder
Mental disorder: a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
define: generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Generalized anxiety disorder: chronic irrational worry about daily events (work, social relationships, finances)
what are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
Symptoms: Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression; nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache
How many Canadians are affected by GAD?
~2.5%
What are treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (3)?
Treatments: therapy (e.g. CBT), benzodiazepines, antidepressants
What makes up OCD?
- Obsessions (e.g. cleanliness)
- Compulsions (e.g. must keep everything clean)
- Rituals (e.g. Lysol in diagonal motion, vinegar in circular motion)
How many Canadians are affected by OCD?
~2%
Treatments for OCD (2)
Treatments: CBT, antidepressants
List 2 celebrities with OCD
- Howie Mandel
- Leonardo DiCaprio
define: panic disorder
Panic disorder: recurrent panic attacks without warning
symptoms of panic disorder
Symptoms: Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling of impending doom
treatments for panic disorder (2)
Treatments: CBT, anti-anxiety drugs
define: agoraphobia
Agoraphobia: panic disorder that involves avoiding certain social situations (riding the bus, flying) due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape or access medical aid if needed
define: phobias
Phobias: Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
How many Canadians are affected by social phobias like public speaking?
8-13%
How many Canadians are affected by simple/specific phobias like spiders, heights, etc?
13%
define: preparedness theory
Preparedness theory: explains how fear benefited our ancestors (fear of spiders saved those from poisonous spiders)
What are some depressive symptoms?
- feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt
- disturbed sleep; changes in eating patters; weight loss
- restlessness or fatigue
- anhedonia; loss of enjoyment of usual activities
- inability to enjoy life
- suicidal thoughts
How many Canadians are affected by depressive symptoms
11%
define: seasonal affective disorder (SAD). How many Canadians are affected by it?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): seasonal depressive symptoms usually occurs in the fall/winter when there is less sunlight (affects 15% of Canadians)
How many people are affected by postpartum depression?
Postpartum depression affects ~¼ in new mothers
Fill in the blank: Many psychological disorders are associated with an imbalance of ________
neurotransmitters and their receptors
What are symptoms of bipolar disorder
Periods of depression, followed by mania
Mania: extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep; grandiosity
How many people are affected by bipolar disorder
1-3% of Canadians
When does bipolar disorder usually manifest?
Typically starts in adolescence or early adulthood
What are the treatments for bipolar disorder (4)?
Treatments: CBT; lithium carbonate (prevents future mood swings); anticonvulsants (mood stabilizer), tranquilizers (manic episodes)
What neurotransmitters are associated with mood, level of attentiveness and other psychological states (2)?
- serotonin
- norepinephrine
What are the acute effects of stress
- quickened breathing
- more alert brain
- increased heart rate
- muscles tense
- digestive system slows
- adrenal gland produces stress hormone
What are the chronic effects of stress
- cortisol increases glucose production in the liver causing renal hypertension
- stress hormones damage brain’s ability to remember causing neuron atrophy and death
- increase in baseline anxiety level
- heart rate increases
- adrenal gland produces stress hormones
What are 3 general approaches to stress
- change the stressor
- remove yourself from the stressor
- change your response to the stressor
What new organ did scientists discover in the human throat. Why is this a great find?
- New salivary glands in the upper part of the throat behind the nose
- The study says that sparing these glands in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy may provide an opportunity to lessen such side effects.
How does nerve cell communication works?
- An electrical impulse travels down the length of a long, fibrelike nerve axon
- When an electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse (the space between neurons)
- Neurotransmitters attach to receptors on a dendrite of another neuron activating a new electrical impulse
- Neurotransmitter levels and activity in a synapse are affected both by how much is released and by how much is reabsorbed by the message sending cell
define: prozac
Prozac: antidepressant drug that increases levels of serotonin by slowing reuptake of serotonin
What is the second leading cause of death for those aged 15-34?
suicide
Fill in the blank: suicide is __ more likely in men and __ higher among indigenous youth
3x; 6x
Fill in the blank: ___ of Canadian adults report considering suicide at some point
15%
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (4)
- Hallucinations (auditory, visual, taste)
- Delusions (patently false beliefs, e.g. I am Joan of Arc)
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly disorganized behaviour (e.g. childlike silliness, masturbation in public)
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia (4) (symptoms absent that should be present)
- Lack of motivation
- Blunted feelings
- Depression
- Social withdrawal
define: psychiatrists
Psychiatrists: Have a medical degree (M.D); can prescribe drugs
define: psychologists
Psychologists: Have an advanced degree in psychology (Ph.D.; M.Sc.); can offer behavioural therapy (e.g. CBT) but not drugs
define: social workers
Social workers: Training in counselling and usually licensed and registered
define: counsellors
Counsellors: Various kinds; often, no set specialized training or licensing required
define: antidepressants
Antidepressants: drugs that work by affecting key neurotransmitters in the brain
define: mood stabilizers
Mood stabilizers: drugs that bring stability and calm to areas of the brain that have become over stimulated and overactive
define: antipsychotics
Antipsychotics: drugs that reduce hallucinations and disordered thinking in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and delirium; have a calming effect on agitated patients
define: anxiolytics
Anxiolytics: antianxiety agents and hypnotics (sleeping pills). enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA—a chemical in the brain that helps you to feel calm. Their effect also produces drowsiness, making it easier to fall asleep and to sleep through the night.
define: stimulants
Stimulants: commonly used to treat children with ADHD
define: behavioural model of therapy
Behavioural model: focuses on what people do; stimulus, response and (altering) reinforcement
define: cognitive model of therapy
Cognitive model: focuses on the effect of ideas on behaviour
define: cognitive behavioural therapy
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): variety of techniques that work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones
define: stress
any situation that disrupts homeostasis
define: homeostasis
Homeostasis: state of dynamic equilibrium; e.g. regulation of body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels
define: general adaptation syndrome
model first thought up by Hans Selye; describes how our body reacts to stress
What are the 3 stages of GAS
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
define: eustress
Eustress: positive stress and promotes high-level
functioning
define: distress
Distress: negative stress and decreases performance
what 3 things are sleep important for?
- clearing the brain of wastes
- learning and memory
- proper immune function
who did the ted talk on mental illness?
Ruby Wax
How does stress impact our skin?
- Chronic stress sends the HPA axis into overdrive
- One of the most pronounced effects of long-term cortisol release is glucocorticoid resistance. This is when cells in the immune system become less sensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol. As a result, cortisol starts to increase inflammation throughout the body and brain.
