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BPK 140 > Module 3: Infectious Diseases & Sexually Transmitted Infections > Flashcards

Module 3: Infectious Diseases & Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How does an infectious disease take place? Explain what the latent period is.

A
  • occurs when a microorganism invades a host; typically accompanied by damage to cells
  • latent period: time between infection and the development of symptoms and signs
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2
Q

Define a pathogen and list the different types (5)

A 
- agents of infection
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
parasitic worms (helminths)
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3
Q

Explain the following pathogen and the treatment plan: bacteria

A
  • harmful bacteria release enzymes or toxins in the host
  • infections can be local or systemic (within the bloodstream)
  • killed by antibiotics;
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4
Q

Explain the following pathogen and the treatment plan: viruses

  • what
  • how it affects host cells
  • treatment
A
  • acellular pathogens (non living); cannot survive without a host
  • kill host cells or alter its function
  • antiviral drugs reduce the severity or duration of viral infections
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5
Q

Explain the following pathogen and the treatment plan: fungi

  • examples
  • how it affects host
  • treatment
A
  • yeasts, molds, mushrooms
  • absorb nutrients from host, causing damage and releasing enzymes
  • hard to develop drugs that target fungal infections because cells are similar to ours
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6
Q

Explain the following pathogen and the treatment plan: protozoa

  • what
  • how it hurts cells
  • why is it hard to treat
A
  • single celled organisms
  • release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells
  • also have similar cells to us
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7
Q

parasitic worms (helminths)

  • how it hurts host
  • how it enters
A
  • attack tissues or organs and compete with host for nutrients
  • some enter by burrowing through skin, others via undercooked pork or fish
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8
Q

Explain some ways infections spread (4)

A
  • people: indirect/direct contact
  • food: E. Coli, salmonella
  • water: contaminated water contains pathogens
  • animals and insects: AKA vector transmission; mosquitos (zika, malaria); rats/ fleas (plague)
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9
Q

What do the trillions of bacteria in our digestive tract do? (2)

A
  • aid in digestion and vitamin absorption

- compete with and exclude harmful microbes

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10
Q

Explain the first line of defence against diseases (7)

A
  • skin
  • cilia (hairlike projections found on cells; common in upper respiratory tract)
  • mucus (works with cilia to trap and sweep potential pathogens up and out of your respiratory tract)
  • elevated body temperature
  • cough, tears, saliva
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11
Q

Explain the second line of defence against diseases

A
  • immune response
  • immune cells detect antigens (particular sugars and proteins) on pathogen’s surface and signal to specialized cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells) to launch an immune response to eliminate the pathogen
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12
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Surround and digest foreign matter; Aid immunity by engulfing antibody-bound pathogens

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13
Q

Describe T-cells

A

Fight parasites, fungi, cancer cells, infected cells; Thousands of T- cells work together to kill pathogens

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14
Q

Describe antibodies

  • what
  • what they do and the name for that
  • made by what
A
  • proteins that stick to specific antigens on pathogens
  • humoral response: coat pathogens and make them clump together for easy disposal by macrophage
  • made by B cells
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15
Q

List the chains of infection (6)

A
  • pathogen
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • means of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • new host
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16
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection: pathogen (3)

A
  • pasteurize milk
  • chlorinate water
  • disinfectants
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17
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection: reservoir (3)

A
  • medical treatment and testing
  • insect and rodent eradication
  • quarantine
18
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection: portal of exit (3)

A
  • condoms
  • masks
  • covering mouth while coughing
19
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection: means of transmission (3)

A
  • avoiding infected individuals
  • sexual abstinence or safer sex
  • sanitary practices (like handwashing)
20
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection:: portal of entry (3)

A
  • condoms
  • masks
  • insect repellent
21
Q

Explain some ways to break this chain link of infection: new host (3)

A
  • immunization
  • health promotion
  • medical treatment
22
Q

Explain vaccinations

A

A small quantity of inactive pathogen is injected in a person to create memory cells (T and B cells). When you encounter the actual pathogen your immune system can fight it off with antibodies. Effectively eliminates pathogens before signs/ symptoms are experienced

23
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: common cold

  • virus or bacterial or ?
  • spread
  • prevention
  • cure
A
  • virus
  • spread: coughs, sneezes, direct and indirect contact
  • prevention: hand-washing
  • cure: immune system (rest, time, fluids, mild exercise, proper nutrition)
24
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: influenza/flu

  • virus or bacterial or ?
  • symptoms
  • prevention
A
  • virus
  • symptoms: aches, chills, dry cough, weakness
  • prevention: annual flu shot and antiviral drugs
25
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: hepatitis

  • virus or bacterial or ?
  • what
  • symptoms
  • spread
  • prevention
  • cure
A
  • virus
  • inflamed liver
  • symptoms high fever, headaches, fatigue, aching joints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice
  • spread:
    A/E: transmitted by contaminated water
    B/C/D transmitted through sexual contact
  • prevention/cure: vaccine but some are chronic
26
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: meningitis

  • virus or bacterial or ?
  • what
  • symptoms
  • spread
  • prevention
  • cure
A
  • bacterial, viral or fungal (rare)
  • infection of the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
  • symptoms: fever, drowsiness, confusion, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting
  • spread: people (direct/indirect contact)
  • prevention: viral meningitis clears up on its own; bacterial needs antibiotics immediately
27
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: vaginal infections

  • list 3 types and for each
  • symptoms
  • virus or bacterial or ?
A 
Trichomoniasis (protozoan): Itching, burning, discharge
Candidiasis (yeast infection; fungi): Itching, burning, discharge
Bacterial vaginosis (bacteria): White/grey discharge, strong odor
28
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: penile infections

  • list 3 types and for each
  • symptoms
  • virus or bacterial or ?
A
  • candidiasis (fungal), epididymitis, orchitis (bacterial or viral)
  • Redness, irritation, pain during urination or intercourse, discharge
29
Q

Explain the following infectious disease: urinary tract infections

  • cause
  • symptoms
  • severity levels
  • who is more likely to get a UTI?
A
  • cause: bacteria
  • Symptoms: burning sensation while urinating, chills, fever, fatigue, blood in urine
  • urethra infections: easier to treat
  • bladder/ kidney infections: more serious
  • UTIs more common in females due to females having a shorter urethra
30
Q

What are some ways to support your immune system?

A
  • Wash your hands often with hot water and soap
  • Get adequate sleep and exercise
  • Eat a balanced diet (fruits, vegetables, quality protein)
  • Don’t share food or drinks
  • Avoid rubbing your eyes and touching your mouth
  • Don’t bite your nails
  • Don’t smoke; limit alcohol intake
  • Avoid contact with those having a communicable disease
  • Limit number of intimate/sexual partners
  • If you are sexually active, always practice safe sex
31
Q

What are antibiotics used for?

A
  • antibiotics kill bacteria (not viruses or fungi)
32
Q

How can we prevent antibiotic resistance?

A
  • Let your immune system do its job!
  • If you are prescribed antibiotics, be sure to finish the entire regimen, even if you are feeling better (this ensures all targeted bacteria are killed off)
  • Don’t use leftover antibiotics
  • Don’t share antibiotics
  • Avoid antibiotic soaps and cleansers
33
Q

HPV

  • increases risk for _____
  • symptoms
  • spread how
  • prevention
  • how does it go away
A
  • increases risk of cervical cancers; especially if infection is persistent
  • symptoms common warts, genital warts, genital cancers
  • Spread by sexual contact, including oral sex
  • Prevention: Guardasil® vaccination is available to males and females
  • most HPV infections go away by themselves
34
Q

HSV

  • difference between HSV1 and HSV2
  • symptoms
  • means of transmission
  • when are carriers most contagious
  • how can outbreaks be triggered
  • prevention
  • treatment
A
  • HSV1: mouth
  • HSV2: genitals
  • symptoms: Small, painful, leaking red blisters
  • Commonly transmitted through oral sex; Travels along nerves and lays dormant in nerve cells; infection is life-long
  • Carriers are most contagious when carrier is shedding the virus (usually when sores are visible)
  • outbreaks can be triggered by stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, intercourse and menstruation
  • prevention: condom use
  • treatment: Antivirals like acyclovir can lesson symptoms; there is no cure
35
Q

HIV

  • what
  • transmission
  • severity
  • What does HIV testing measure?
  • treatment
A
  • virus that attacks immune cells (T-cells)
  • transmission: blood to blood contact; or fluid to blood contact
  • severely compromises immune system; can lead to death from opportunistic infections
  • HIV testing measures antibodies
  • treatment: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART); Combination of (usually) 3 different drugs that target various stages of the HIV viral life cycle
36
Q

Other factors may increase the risk of developing cancer following HPV infection

A

Smoking
Having a weakened immune system
Having many children (for increased risk of cervical cancer)
Long-term oral contraceptive use (for increased risk of cervical cancer)
Poor oral hygiene (for increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer)
Chronic inflammation

37
Q

Why is HIV hard for the immune system to beat (3)

A
  • HIV “hides” inside immune cells (and slowly kills them)
  • HIV replicates too fast for the immune system to fight it
  • HIV mutates (therefore changing its antigens) and avoids elimination
38
Q

Why is the HIV rate of infection highest in those ages 20-24

A
  • Feelings of invulnerability
  • Multiple partners
  • Infidelity
  • Being unaware of partner’s history
  • Failure to use protection
  • Use of alcohol or drugs (increases likelihood of riskier behaviour)
  • Lack of testing
39
Q

What is the most common STI in North America?

A

HPV

40
Q

chlamydia

  • commonality
  • bacterium
  • women or men likely to get it?
  • symptoms
  • treatment
  • what happens if left untreated
  • prevention
  • age group
A
  • most common bacterial STI
  • women are more likely to get it
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • symptoms: disrupted menstruation, pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, vagina discharge, burning while urination
  • treatable by antibiotics
  • can lead to ectopic pregnancy (fertilized egg grows outside of main cavity of the uterus) and sterility in females and males
  • can be passed from mom to infant
  • prevention: condom use
  • age group: 15-29
41
Q

gonorrhea

  • men symptoms
  • female symptoms
  • bacterium
  • treatment
  • prevention
  • spread by
  • highest incidence
  • why are we concerned?
A
  • Males: cloudy penile discharge, burning while urinating, can cause inflammation of the urethra, prostate, epididymis
  • Females: green/yellowish discharge; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • treatment: antibiotics
  • prevention: condoms
  • spread: sex (anal, vaginal, oral)
  • highest incidence (f15-24, M30-39); men and young people represent most of the cases
  • concern because rates continue to rise
42
Q

syphilis

  • bacteria
  • transmission
  • primary stage
  • secondary stage
  • tertiary stage
  • treatment
A
  • Caused by Treponema pallidum
  • Transmitted through a break in the skin, via kissing, oral, vaginal or anal sex
  • Primary: ulcer (chancre) at site of infection (days to weeks after contact); not usually painful; contains high numbers of bacteria (highly contagious)
  • Secondary: flu-like symptoms; rash over
    the body, hands and feet; ~2 months later
  • Tertiary: Neurological and cardiovascular effects; blindness; years to decades later
  • Treatment: antibiotics if early enough

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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