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BPK 140 > Module 1: Health and Wellness; Assessing Credibility > Flashcards

Module 1: Health and Wellness; Assessing Credibility Flashcards

1
Q

Define and explain the difference between life expectancy and lifespan

A
  • life expectancy: calculated average number of years that people in a population will live; can be used in conjunction with IMR to measure a population’s health
  • lifespan: number of years that a species are biologically wired to live
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2
Q

What is the average Canadian life expectancy? List some reasons why life expectancy has increased since the 1900s (8)

A

males: 79; females: 83

  • Antibiotic use
  • Vaccines
  • Healthier foods
  • Motor vehicle safety
  • Fluoridation of drinking water
  • Safer workplaces
  • Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
  • Decreasing infant mortality rate
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3
Q

Define and explain the difference between health and wellness

A
  • health: overall condition of the body and/or mind and the presence/absence of illness or injury; some aspects can be determined or influenced by factors beyond your control (ex: genes, age, health care system)
  • wellness: optimal health and vitality, encompassing all the dimensions of well-being; Largely determined by decisions you make;
    Enhanced wellness involves controlling risk factors that contribute to disease and/or injury
  • both are processes of living rather than states
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4
Q

Describe and explain the difference between the medical model of health and health promotion (1970s)

A

Medical model

  • Viewed as an absence of disease; focuses on disorder rather than individual
  • Can be seen as a sliding scale; linear
  • Places responsibility of the health on physician
  • Goal: prevent morbidity and mortality (sickness and death)

Health Promotion

  • Enabled people to increase control over and improve their own health
  • Emphasis on prevention over treatment
  • Focused on empowerment, community support, public health policy, knowledge translation
  • The start of relating mortality in a population to risk factors
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5
Q

Describe the 3 levels of health through prevention of illness

A

Personal level
- changing your own behaviour to reduce risk

Community level
- Health promoters target high risk groups and focus on prevention and/or early detection

Health-care provider level
- Physicians act as a resource to raise awareness and impart knowledge of risk factors

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6
Q

Briefly describe the Framingham Study

A

An ongoing epidemiological study starting in 1948. People who didn’t smoke, drank moderately at most, were physically active and ate 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day lived ~14 years longer

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7
Q

List the social determinants of health (14)

A
  • Income
  • Education
  • Job security
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Early childhood development
  • Food insecurity
  • Housing
  • Social exclusion
  • Social safety net
  • Health services
  • Indigenous status
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Disability
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8
Q

List some health risks/ challenges that indigenous people face

A
  • 1.5-2x rate of Heart disease
  • 3-5x the rate of Type 2 diabetes
  • 30x rate of infection from tuberculosis
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9
Q

List strategies to improve social determinants of health (7)

A
  • Social inclusion, reducing injustice
  • High quality public education and affordable post-secondary education
  • Full employment, job security, healthy working conditions
  • Reducing income disparities
  • Universal health care access
  • Adequate housing and food security
  • Empowering individuals to make informed health-related decisions
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10
Q

List the 7 dimensions of wellness

A
  • physical
  • emotional
  • intellectual
  • interpersonal
  • spiritual
  • environmental
  • financial
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11
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: physical

A
  • eating well
  • exercising
  • receiving regular check ups
  • avoiding harmful habits
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12
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: emotional

A
  • optimism
  • trust
  • self acceptance
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13
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: intellectual

A
  • openness to new ideas
  • critical thinking skills
  • creativity
  • curiosity
  • lifelong learning
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14
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: interpersonal

A
  • communication
  • capacity for intimacy
  • ability to cultivate support system of friends and family
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15
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: spiritual

A
  • capacity for love
  • forgiveness
  • compassion
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16
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: environmental

A
  • having access to clean and natural resources
  • recycling whenever possible
  • reducing pollution and waste
17
Q

List some examples of good associated behaviours/ qualities of the following dimension of wellness: financial

A
  • financial literacy
  • saving
  • budgeting
18
Q

What are the leading causes of death in Canada (10)

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart disease
  3. Accidents
  4. Stroke
  5. Chronic lower respiratory infections
  6. Influenza and pneumonia
  7. Diabetes
  8. Alzheimer’s disease
  9. Suicide
  10. Chronic liver disease
19
Q

List the stages of change (6)

A
  1. precontemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation
  4. action
  5. maintenance
  6. termination
20
Q

SMART goals

A 
specific
measureable
attainable
realistic
timely
21
Q

Factors that improve the likelihood of behaviour change (5)

A

Self-efficacy:
- belief in one’s ability to achieve a goal

Internal locus of control/reinforcement:
- reliance on internal rather than external sources of motivation

Self-talk:
- ability to coach one’s self towards a goal

Support:
- can include many sources; friends, family, groups, community

Identify and overcome barriers

22
Q

List the hierarchy of evidence (5)

A
  1. Experimental: scientific method and well designed research study
  2. Epidemiological: seeks to find relationships between variables by looking at trends (observation only)
  3. Clinical: evidence from health care professionals and clinicians
  4. Personal: something you experienced personally
  5. Anecdotal: something someone else experienced and told you about
23
Q

What does the ultimate study design include (4)?

A
  • randomized study group
  • double blinding
  • placebo
  • cross over: switch control and experimental group; if results are similar to the first round of testing, strong support for hypothesis
24
Q

From an epidemiological study, the ability to ascertain cause and affect depends on what factors (6)?

A
  • Strength of association
  • Dose-response: does the risk increase the more a person does/consumes x?
  • Consistency: do multiple studies show the same link?
  • Temporally correct: is the timing right?
  • Specificity: is the increased risk specific to x?
  • Biological plausibility
25
Q

Describe clinical evidence

A

Clinical evidence comes from the experience of clinicians (physicians, dentists, chiropractors, athletic trainers, etc.
May not be formally tested scientifically

26
Q

What are some ways to assess credibility/ evaluate health information?

A
  • Go to the original source
  • Watch for misleading language
  • Distinguish between research reports and public health advice
  • Anecdotes are not facts
  • Be skeptical
  • Make choices that are right for you

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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