Module 12: Fertility and Fertility Management Flashcards
Describe the travel of sperm
Sperm: testes → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra → vagina → cervix → uterus → uterine tubes
Describe the travel of the ovum (egg)
Ovum: ovaries → uterine tubes
How often is an ovum released?
1 each menstrual cycle (~day 14)
Where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
The ____ divides to form ______, which will implant into the _________. After several divisions, the mass becomes an _____ and then after _____ it is known as a ____
- zygote
- a mass of cells
- endometrium
- embryo
- 8 weeks
- fetus
Natural birth control methods
- abstinence
- outercourse
- coitus interruptus
- fertility awareness (abstinence ~9-13 days/cycle)
What are 3 ways of natural birth control methods of fertility awareness
- Cervical mucus/ovulation method
- Calendar/rhythm method
- Basal body temperature method
How much does body temperature rise during ovulation
1 deg f or 0.5 deg C
List non-prescription contraceptives (4)
- male condoms
- female condoms
- spermicide
- contraceptive sponge
What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: male condoms
- Pros: provides the best protection against STIs; no side effects
- Cons: can interrupt activity; some people are allergic to latex; may diminish sensation; breakage
- Effectiveness: varies; with perfect use, failure is about 2%, averages 17%
What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: female condoms
- Pros: can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse; protects against STIs
- Cons: can be noisy, move or be uncomfortable; slippage often occurs
- Effectiveness: with perfect use failure is 5%; averages 27%; higher in new relationships
What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: spermicide
- Pros: inexpensive, readily available
- Cons: used with or without a diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20 minutes before intercourse; doesn’t protect against STIs
- Effectiveness: 82% effectiveness with perfect use; averages 71%
What are the pros and cons of this non-prescription contraceptive: contraceptive sponge
- Pros: can insert right before or up to several hours before intercourse
- Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs (in fact, may increase HIV risk)
What is the emergency contraceptive. How long after sex can it be used?
- morning after pill/plan B
- Can be used up to 5 days following unprotected sex (or ‘failed protection’ sex; within 72 h is ideal)
How much does emergency contraceptive reduce the risk of pregnancy?
Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (not 100%)!
What are the side effects of emergency contraceptive?
Side effects: nausea/vomiting, irregular bleeding, fatigue, headache, dizziness, tender breasts
List hormonal prescription contraceptives
- The Pill
- hormonal ring
- injectable contraceptive
- contraceptive patch
- intrauterine device
How does the pill work
- Mimic pregnancy hormones, tricking the body into thinking it is pregnant; prevents ovulation
- Prevents development of endometrium, thickens cervical mucus
Pros and cons: hormonal ring (NuvaRing)
Pros: 3 weeks protection at a time; shorter, lighter periods
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; may be side effects
Pros and cons: injectable contraceptive
Pros: 3 months of protection; effective; discrete
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; menstrual irregularities
Pros and cons: contraceptive patch
Pros: effective; discrete
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; side effects
Pros and cons: intrauterine device (IUD)
Pros: - Lasts approx. 3-5 years - May stop menstruation - Effective immediately - Reduces risk of some cancers Cons: - No protection against STIs - Expensive $100/300+ - Needs to be inserted - Cramps, expulsion
Pros and cons: barrier (non-hormonal; prescription); diaphragm/cervical cap
- pro: can insert up to 6 hours prior to intercourse; protects for 6 hours
- con: needs to be fitted; more expensive; can be moved out of place; must be left in place for 6 hours after sex
Describe how female sterilization occurs and what is it called
- tubal ligation
- Fallopian tubes are cauterized and tied
Describe how male sterilization occurs and what is it called
- vasectomy
- Incision is made on the testicular sac and a small section of the vas deferens is removed. The ends are then cauterized. Repeat on other side
Questions to consider when choosing a contraceptive
- How well will it fit into your lifestyle?
- How convenient will it be?
- How effective will it be?
- How safe will it be?
- How affordable will it be?
- How reversible will it be?
- Will it protect against STIs?
Abortions are not normally performed after _____
24 weeks
Describe the 3 pregnancy trimesters
First trimester: - Morning sickness - Higher risk of spontaneous abortion Second trimester: - Abdomen starts to noticeably swell - Movement of baby first evidenced Third trimester: - Rapid fetal growth
What are some keys to a healthy pregnancy
- eat more but not too much; High pregnancy weight gain increases risk of future health problems (obesity, diabetes II etc.) in offspring
- Ensure proper food safety, minimize exposure to infectious agents
- Ensure adequate intake of folic acid for spine development
- avoid drugs
- get physical activity in
How is physical activity during pregnancy beneficial
- Regular moderate exercise decreases complications during and after pregnancy
- Decreases weight gain
- May help prevent gestational diabetes
- Mothers who gain a lot of weight increase the risk of weight management issues for their offspring
Describe the 3 stages of labour
- baby isn’t out yet
- delivery of baby
- expulsion of the placenta
Benefits of breast feeding
- Decreases newborn’s risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and allergies
- Increases immune system
- Increases bonding
- Acts a natural birth control; helps the mother heal
Fill in the blank: Health Canada recommends exclusively breastfeeding for _________
the first six months
Fertility options (6)
- Assisted Reproductive Technology
- Sperm donor or surrogate
- Intrauterine insemination
- Hormone therapy
- In Vitro Fertilization
- Adoption
How many nerve endings are in the clitoris?
8000
