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BPK 140 > Module 12: Fertility and Fertility Management > Flashcards

Module 12: Fertility and Fertility Management Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the travel of sperm

A

Sperm: testes → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra → vagina → cervix → uterus → uterine tubes

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2
Q

Describe the travel of the ovum (egg)

A

Ovum: ovaries → uterine tubes

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3
Q

How often is an ovum released?

A

1 each menstrual cycle (~day 14)

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4
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

uterine tube

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5
Q

The ____ divides to form ______, which will implant into the _________. After several divisions, the mass becomes an _____ and then after _____ it is known as a ____

A
  • zygote
  • a mass of cells
  • endometrium
  • embryo
  • 8 weeks
  • fetus
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6
Q

Natural birth control methods

A
  • abstinence
  • outercourse
  • coitus interruptus
  • fertility awareness (abstinence ~9-13 days/cycle)
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7
Q

What are 3 ways of natural birth control methods of fertility awareness

A
  • Cervical mucus/ovulation method
  • Calendar/rhythm method
  • Basal body temperature method
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8
Q

How much does body temperature rise during ovulation

A

1 deg f or 0.5 deg C

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9
Q

List non-prescription contraceptives (4)

A
  • male condoms
  • female condoms
  • spermicide
  • contraceptive sponge
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10
Q

What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: male condoms

A
  • Pros: provides the best protection against STIs; no side effects
  • Cons: can interrupt activity; some people are allergic to latex; may diminish sensation; breakage
  • Effectiveness: varies; with perfect use, failure is about 2%, averages 17%
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11
Q

What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: female condoms

A
  • Pros: can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse; protects against STIs
  • Cons: can be noisy, move or be uncomfortable; slippage often occurs
  • Effectiveness: with perfect use failure is 5%; averages 27%; higher in new relationships
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12
Q

What are the pros, cons, and effectiveness of this non-prescription contraceptive: spermicide

A
  • Pros: inexpensive, readily available
  • Cons: used with or without a diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20 minutes before intercourse; doesn’t protect against STIs
  • Effectiveness: 82% effectiveness with perfect use; averages 71%
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13
Q

What are the pros and cons of this non-prescription contraceptive: contraceptive sponge

A
  • Pros: can insert right before or up to several hours before intercourse
  • Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs (in fact, may increase HIV risk)
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14
Q

What is the emergency contraceptive. How long after sex can it be used?

A
  • morning after pill/plan B

- Can be used up to 5 days following unprotected sex (or ‘failed protection’ sex; within 72 h is ideal)

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15
Q

How much does emergency contraceptive reduce the risk of pregnancy?

A

Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (not 100%)!

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16
Q

What are the side effects of emergency contraceptive?

A

Side effects: nausea/vomiting, irregular bleeding, fatigue, headache, dizziness, tender breasts

17
Q

List hormonal prescription contraceptives

A
  • The Pill
  • hormonal ring
  • injectable contraceptive
  • contraceptive patch
  • intrauterine device
18
Q

How does the pill work

A
  • Mimic pregnancy hormones, tricking the body into thinking it is pregnant; prevents ovulation
  • Prevents development of endometrium, thickens cervical mucus
19
Q

Pros and cons: hormonal ring (NuvaRing)

A

Pros: 3 weeks protection at a time; shorter, lighter periods
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; may be side effects

20
Q

Pros and cons: injectable contraceptive

A

Pros: 3 months of protection; effective; discrete
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; menstrual irregularities

21
Q

Pros and cons: contraceptive patch

A

Pros: effective; discrete
Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; side effects

22
Q

Pros and cons: intrauterine device (IUD)

A 
Pros:
- Lasts approx. 3-5 years
- May stop menstruation
- Effective immediately
- Reduces risk of some cancers
Cons:
- No protection against STIs
- Expensive $100/300+
- Needs to be inserted
- Cramps, expulsion
23
Q

Pros and cons: barrier (non-hormonal; prescription); diaphragm/cervical cap

A
  • pro: can insert up to 6 hours prior to intercourse; protects for 6 hours
  • con: needs to be fitted; more expensive; can be moved out of place; must be left in place for 6 hours after sex
24
Q

Describe how female sterilization occurs and what is it called

A
  • tubal ligation

- Fallopian tubes are cauterized and tied

25
Q

Describe how male sterilization occurs and what is it called

A
  • vasectomy
  • Incision is made on the testicular sac and a small section of the vas deferens is removed. The ends are then cauterized. Repeat on other side
26
Q

Questions to consider when choosing a contraceptive

A
  • How well will it fit into your lifestyle?
  • How convenient will it be?
  • How effective will it be?
  • How safe will it be?
  • How affordable will it be?
  • How reversible will it be?
  • Will it protect against STIs?
27
Q

Abortions are not normally performed after _____

A

24 weeks

28
Q

Describe the 3 pregnancy trimesters

A 
First trimester:
- Morning sickness 
- Higher risk of spontaneous abortion 
Second trimester:
- Abdomen starts to noticeably swell
- Movement of baby first evidenced 
Third trimester: 
- Rapid fetal growth
29
Q

What are some keys to a healthy pregnancy

A
  • eat more but not too much; High pregnancy weight gain increases risk of future health problems (obesity, diabetes II etc.) in offspring
  • Ensure proper food safety, minimize exposure to infectious agents
  • Ensure adequate intake of folic acid for spine development
  • avoid drugs
  • get physical activity in
30
Q

How is physical activity during pregnancy beneficial

A
  • Regular moderate exercise decreases complications during and after pregnancy
  • Decreases weight gain
  • May help prevent gestational diabetes
  • Mothers who gain a lot of weight increase the risk of weight management issues for their offspring
31
Q

Describe the 3 stages of labour

A
  • baby isn’t out yet
  • delivery of baby
  • expulsion of the placenta
32
Q

Benefits of breast feeding

A
  • Decreases newborn’s risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and allergies
  • Increases immune system
  • Increases bonding
  • Acts a natural birth control; helps the mother heal
33
Q

Fill in the blank: Health Canada recommends exclusively breastfeeding for _________

A

the first six months

34
Q

Fertility options (6)

A
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology
  • Sperm donor or surrogate
  • Intrauterine insemination
  • Hormone therapy
  • In Vitro Fertilization
  • Adoption
35
Q

How many nerve endings are in the clitoris?

A

8000

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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