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BPK 140 > Module 5: Cancer > Flashcards

Module 5: Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ of men and ___ of women are expected to die of cancer; statistically, the incidence of cancer in _____ is declining and increasing in ____

A

29% of men and 24% of women are expected to die of cancer; Incidence of cancer in males is declining and increasing in women

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2
Q

define: potential years of lives lost

A

Potential years of lives lost: predicted/calculated number of years of life lost due to disease

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3
Q

define and describe : cancer

A

Cancer: abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells due to genetic (DNA) mutations that disrupt the cell cycle. Abnormal cells continue to divide and create other abnormal cells. Eventually tumours form neoplasms that spread.

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4
Q

fill in the blank: ___ of all Canadian deaths in 2012 were caused by ______

A

30% of all Canadian deaths in 2012 were caused by malignant neoplasms

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5
Q

define: neoplasms

A

Neoplasms: tumours

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6
Q

define: benign

A

Benign: word to describe tumours that do not spread

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7
Q

define: malignant

A

Malignant: word to describe tumours that can spread and can be life threatening

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8
Q

Where do tumours travel through to spread?

A

blood or lymphatic vesssels

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9
Q

fill in the blank: cancers that compromises a ____ ____ or a ______ _____ can lead to death

A

Cancer that compromises a major organ or system’s function can lead to death

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10
Q

Describe and state the first stage of tumour development

A

Hyperplasia: altered cells grow and divide abnormally and rapidly.

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11
Q

Describe and state the second stage of tumour development

A

Dysplasia: additional mutations occur and descendants of altered cells are abnormal in shape. These cells form a mass. This mass may or may not develop into cancer.

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12
Q

Describe and state the third stage of tumour development

A

In situ cancer: affected cells may become more and more abnormal as time passes. In situ cancer: abnormal cells are found only in the location they first formed. Tumour may remain in this location or may acquire additional

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13
Q

Describe and state the fourth stage of tumour development

A

Localized invasive tumour: abnormal cells may gain the ability to invade nearby tissues causing localized invasive cancer. May affect the organ or tissue function but the spread of tumour has not yet passed the boundary of the organ of origin.

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14
Q

Describe and state the fifth stage of tumour development

A

Metastasis: if the tumour spreads and sheds malignant cells into a blood or lymphatic vessel, these cells can travel to distant sites and develop new tumours.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Normal cells only divide in the right conditions.Exposure to ______ (____, ___, _____, ____, etc) causes mutations that accumulate and lead to uncontrolled division that can form tumours.

A

carcinogens, asbestos, tar, certain chemicals, UV light

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16
Q

Gives some examples of the following cancer causes:

  • carcinogenic chemicals (4)
  • radiation (2)
  • pathogens (2)
A
  • Carcinogenic chemicals: benzene, aflatoxins, nickel, ethanol
  • Radiation: ultraviolet, x ray
  • Pathogens: HPV, H.Pylori bacterium
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17
Q

Define: metastasis

A

Metastasis: spread of cancer to another area of the body

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18
Q

What are different ways cancer can damage the body

A
  • Can block a blood vessel, compromise a nerve, or otherwise interfere with normal body function (whether benign or malignant)
  • Immune system cancers leave the body more vulnerable to negative effects of infection
  • Advanced tumours have a blood supply and can use up supplies of energy and nutrients meant for healthy cells
  • Can also metastasize from their original tissue to another area of the body, compromising function
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19
Q

How do blood cancers differ from other cancers?

A

Blood cancers (e.g. leukemia) do not produce tumours but have the same fundamental property of uncontrolled multiplication

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20
Q

What is the incidence of skin cancer?

A
  • # 1 incidence when factoring non malignant types
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21
Q

define: carcinomas

A

type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin; grows slowly, easy to treat,
- most skin cancers fall under this type

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22
Q

define: malignant melanoma

A

Malignant melanoma: rarest and most deadly skin cancer

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for melanoma (5)?

A
  • Fair skin and hair; light eyes
  • Tendency to develop freckles and burn in the sun
  • History of childhood sunburn or intense sun exposure
  • Family history of melanoma
  • Large number of moles or atypical moles
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24
Q

Fill in the blank: melanoma is ___ more common in light skinned individuals

A

Melanoma is 20x more common in light-skinned individuals

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25
Q

What are some ways to protect yourself against skin cancer

A
  • sunscreen
  • stay in the shade
  • sun protection: hats, covering all skin, sunglasses, etc
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26
Q

When was an increase in skin cancer incidences noticed?

A

Increase in skin cancer incidences noticed after the damage in the ozone layer was created by the use of some aerosols

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27
Q

What are is the ABCDE of skin cancer?

A 
ABCD of skin cancer: 
A: Asymmetry 
B: Border 
C: Color 
D: Diameter 
E: Evolution
28
Q

What is the incidence of breast cancer? Can you explain the trend?

A

1 incidence for females after skin cancer; has been on the rise

29
Q

What are the risk factors of breast cancer (4)?

A
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Age at onset of menstruation
  • How long you’ve been exposed to estrogen as a female (estrogen promotes the growth of cells in responsive sites)
30
Q

if caught early, what is the survival rate of breast cancer?

A

80%

31
Q

Why is breast cancer dangerous when it metastasizes?

A

lymph nodes are located close to breasts so cancer can spread all over body

32
Q

What are the possible treatments for breast cancer (3)?

A
  • surgery (called lumpectomy; a surgery where the whole breast is removed is called a mastectomy); typical and very effective. nearby lymph nodes are also removed.
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
33
Q

What is the leading mortal cancer in Canada?

A
  • lung cancer
34
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer (4)?

A
  • smoking
  • second hand smoke
  • asbestos
  • pollution
35
Q

How does smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Carcinogens in the form of tar stick to the lining of the respiratory system and changes the genetic make-up of these cells; these cells reproduce more rapidly and become tumours

36
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of lung cancer?

A

5 year survival rate is <20%

37
Q

Why is lung cancer hard to screen for?

A
  • No effective screening; hard to find lumps with x ray until they get quite large (usually by this point they have already metastasized)
  • Symptoms don’t appear until later stages; typically caught too late (by x ray or CT scanning)
38
Q

What is the risk of lung cancer for non smokers in comparison to smokers?

A

Risk of non smokers is 5-10% that of smokers;

39
Q

What is the incidence rate of prostate cancer?

A
  • Number 1 incidence for males; Most common cancer in males (after non-malignant skin cancer)
40
Q

Define: prostate gland

A

Walnut sized gland that secretes fluid that becomes part of semen

41
Q

What is the survival rate of prostate cancer?

A

If detected early, ~95% survival rate

42
Q

How is prostate cancer like breast cancer?

A

Like breast cancer, becomes deadly when it spreads

43
Q

Prostate cancer symptoms

A
  • Often no symptoms

- Common symptoms: changes in urinary frequency or flow

44
Q

Risk factors of prostate cancer (5)

A
  • Age
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • History of STIs
  • Possibly diets with excess animal fats, low plant matter
45
Q

What are the screening methods for prostate cancer (2)? What is the regular screening age for prostate cancer?

A
  • Screening methods: digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen test
  • Regular screening age >50
46
Q

What are the treatment methods for prostate cancer (4)?

A
  • surgery to remove prostate
  • radiation
  • cryotherapy
  • drugs
47
Q

How does colorectal cancer start?

A

Begins with polyps: formation of non cancerous growths. May progress through several stages and become cancerous

48
Q

What are the screening method for colorectal cancer (2)?

A
  • endoscopy (colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy)

- Fecal blood screening is recommended (age >50)

49
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer (8)?

A
  • Older age
  • Male sex
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Family history
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Red/processed meats may increase risk
50
Q

What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer (3)?

A
  • Change in bowel movements
  • Pain/tenderness in abdomen
  • Blood in feces
51
Q

Briefly describe the stages of polyps in colorectal cancer?

A

stage 1: not permeated the mucosa
stage 2: in the submucosa and mucosa
stage 3: in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscle layers
stage 4: in the mucosa, submucosa, muscle layers, and serosa
stage 5: in the mucosa, submucosa, muscle layers, serosa, and now connected to lymph node/blood vessels

52
Q

What is the leading risk factor for cervical cancer in women?

A

HPV. The high risk types.

53
Q

Where is the cervix in relation to the other organs nearby?

A

the cervix is between the uterus and the vagina

54
Q

How can we prevent against cervical cancer

A

Prevention: HPV vaccine (Gardasil)

55
Q

What is the screening for cervical cancer?

A

Screening: regular pap tests aid early detection of precancerous cells

56
Q

Fill in the blank: approximately ___ of cancers can be prevented; ____ are caused by experimental factors

A

50%; 80%

57
Q

Describe primary prevention of cancer

A

Primary prevention (personal level)

  • Don’t smoke and avoid second hand smoke
  • Reduce exposure to carcinogens (UV light, radiation, asbestos)
  • Cancer smart nutrition: antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables
  • Don’t eat burnt BBQ’ed foods
  • Limit alcohol intake
  • Keep a healthy weight
  • Receive available vaccinations (HPV)
58
Q

What is the secondary prevention for cancer

A

get screenings for early detection

59
Q

What are the 3 types of early detection of cancer

A
  • screening: general examinations to identify those with the disease
  • testing: done on those believed to have the disease; more thorough than screening
  • biopsy: removal of tissue that is suspected to be diseased for further examination
60
Q

Define chemotherapy

  • when is it used?

- incidental affects?

A
  • Use drugs to target and kill cancer cells. Traditional drugs target cells that are rapidly dividing. Also will incidentally affect normal body cells that divide often like hair follicles, stomach lining, and the intestinal cells.
  • An option when cancer may have spread
  • Can cause hair loss, fatigue, and nausea
61
Q

Explain radiation therapy

  • when is it used
  • side effect
A
  • Beams are focused from several angles at tumour to kill cancer cells
  • For localized tumours and used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy
  • Side effect: can kill healthy cells
62
Q

Explain immunotherapy

  • example of a preventative immunotherapy
  • example of a treatment immunotherapy
A
  • Stimulates the immune system with drugs and antibodies
  • Example: cancer vaccines (preventative measure); HPV and HepB; Gives immune system antibodies
  • Treatment: effective against some cancers like prostate cancer. Helps boosts the immune system of those already diagnosed
63
Q

Explain hormone therapy

- used when

A
  • Drugs that block hormone receptors or lower hormone levels

- Effective against cancers that are helped by hormones (breast, prostate, ovarian cancer)

64
Q

Explain gene therapy

- CRISPR

A
  • Modifies the genetic material of cancer cells or immune cells
  • CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats;
  • CRISPR Technology: “a simple yet powerful tool for editing genomes. It allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. Its many potential applications include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread of diseases and improving crops”
65
Q

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to ______ ______ and ______ _____ for the development of a method for ________ _____.

  • What did they discover?
  • What can they do with this ?
A

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing.

  • They discovered one of gene technology’s sharpest tools: the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Using these, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and micro-organisms with extremely high precision

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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