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BPK 140 > Module 4: Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes > Flashcards

Module 4: Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

give the formula for cellular respiration

A

see google doc

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2
Q

recite the circulation of blood in the heart (10)

A

Venae cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

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3
Q

Fill in the blank:

  • the right side of the heart pumps blood into _______

- the left side of the heart pumps blood into _______

A
  • pulmonary circulation

- systemic circulation

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4
Q

arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart and veins carry oxygen poor blood toward the heart. what is the one exception?

A

Exception: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs; pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood to heart

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5
Q

Explain atherosclerosis

  • what
  • causes
  • what do you call atherosclerosis in a major heart artery?
A
  • Cardiovascular disease that begins with a small lesion in a vessel. Fats deposit in the lesion; macrophages try to help but fill with cholesterol; platelets, LDL, and other cells build up as well. Smooth muscles cover up the deposit and lead to a narrowed artery
  • Causes: nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, free radicals, high insulin or glucose levels, LDL deposits
  • atherosclerosis in a major heart artery: coronary artery disease
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6
Q

define arteriosclerosis

A
  • Irreversible disease where soft tissue gradually becomes replaced with calcium and form mineral deposits making walls stiffer
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7
Q

heart attack

  • how
  • medical name
A
  • Occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an atherosclerotic coronary artery; heart cells die because nutrient and oxygens cannot be delivered to cells
  • myocardial infarction
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8
Q

Symptoms of a heart attack

A
  • Chest discomfort (squeezing, heaviness, burning, pain)
  • Discomfort in the upper body (neck, jaw, shoulder, arms, back)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Lightheadedness
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9
Q

Stroke

  • how
  • what occurs due to stroke
  • medical name
A
  • Occurs when there is a blockage in blood flow to a region of the brain tissue
  • Leads to reduced blood flow, lack of oxygen delivery, and tissue death
  • Also called thrombovascular accidents
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10
Q

Signs of stroke

A
  • F.A.S.T. acronym
  • Face: is it drooping?
  • Arms: can you raise both?
  • Speech: slurred or jumbled?
  • Time: call 911 right away!
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11
Q

Types of stroke

  • 2 types
  • 2 subtypes of 1 subtype
A
  • Ischemic: blockage disrupts blood flow to brain; more common (80%)
  • Thrombotic stroke: blood clots form where an artery has been narrowed by atherosclerosis; caused by a thrombus (blood clot) breaks away and causes a blockage in a downstream artery
  • Embolic stroke: caused by emboli (blood clots that travel from elsewhere in the body to the brain)
  • Hemorrhagic: blood vessel bursts and blood leaks into tissue; less common (20%)
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12
Q

What are some risk factors for coronary heart disease (4)

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Cigarettes
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13
Q

Stroke patterns

A
  • Risk varies with ethnicity, being highest for old white males
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14
Q

Ways to prevent cardiovascular disease

A
  • Don’t smoke
  • Moderate alcohol intake (at most)
  • Keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check
  • At least 150min/ week of physical activity
  • Eat “heart healthy”
  • Healthy fats (no trans, unsaturated fats > saturated fats, adequate omega 6<3, fatty acids)
  • Lower sodium intake
  • Vegetables and fruits
  • Lots of fibre and whole grains; soy can lower cholesterol
  • Adequate B vitamins
  • Keep a healthy weight
  • Develop effective ways to manage stress
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15
Q

What is the main risk factor for heart disease

A

Elevated blood cholesterol

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16
Q

Explain

  • lipoprotein role
  • low density lipoprotein
  • high density lipoprotein
A
  • carries cholesterol in blood
  • Low density lipoprotein (LDL; called a bad cholesterol; moves from blood to vessel walls and increase CVD risk)
  • High density lipoprotein (HDL; called a good cholesterol; can promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk)
17
Q

Major risks of tobaacco

A
  • Leading behaviour related preventable cause of death
  • Smokers die ~7 years earlier on average than non-smokers
  • Smoking doubles risk of heart disease and stroke
  • 2+ packs a day= 15-25x more likely to die of lung cancer
  • Associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis
  • Smoking while pregnant: increased risk of miscarriage, complications, and asthma in offspring
  • Second hand smoke: most hazardous form of indoor pollution and also a risk factor for lung cancer
18
Q

Hypertension

  • what is it
  • consequences
A
  • high blood pressure: type of CVD and a risk factor for more CVD; Hypertension causes more strain on the heart and blood vessels. Extra strain can cause lesion in vessels which promotes atherosclerosis
    Consequences of high blood pressure
  • Eye damage; in severe cases eventual blindness
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack
  • Damage to artery walls
  • Kidney failure
19
Q

What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease

A
  • Angioplasty: enlarging an artery by using a balloon-type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery: replacing blocked/ narrow coronary arteries with healthy segments of other vessels from elsewhere in the body (often vein from leg); usually performed after angioplasty has been attempted and/or failed OR if narrowing or blockage is too severe
20
Q

Diabetes

  • possible risks associated with diabetes
  • Types of diabetes
A
  • Adults with untreated diabetes are 2-4x more likely to suffer from heart disease or stroke and are more likely to suffer a CVD or stroke at a younger age
  • Additional dangers: kidney failure, compromised circulation to extremities (amputation possible), impotence, blindness, skin sores
  • Type 1 (insulin dependent): Hereditary; body cannot make enough insulin
  • Type 2 (non-insulin dependent): Caused by lifestyle choices; body doesn’t respond to insulin
21
Q

Risk Factors for diabetes

A
  • Obesity
  • Ethnicity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Family history
  • Previous case of gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy)
22
Q

Treatment for diabetes

A
  • No cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable
  • Type 1: insulin injections
  • Type 2: lifestyle modifications and medications
  • Diabetes Prevention Program
    Losing weight, improving diet, and participating in regular physical activity reduce diabetes risk by 50%
23
Q

Define: obesity

  • obesity is strongly associated with (3)?

- what does the Framingham study find about obese people?

A
  • 20% above ideal weight
  • Strongly associated with: hypertension, lower HDL, and type 2 diabetes
  • obese people are 40x more likely to suffer a sudden cardiac death
24
Q

Risk factors: Framingham Study

  • some you can’t control
  • some you can control
A 
factors you can't control
- age
- sex
- heredity
- ethnicity
Factors you can control
- smoking, alcohol, drugs
- diet
- exercise
- stress

BPK 140 (13 decks)

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