Module 4: Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes

Question 1

give the formula for cellular respiration

Answer 1

see google doc

Question 2

recite the circulation of blood in the heart (10)

Answer 2

Venae cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

Question 3

Fill in the blank:

• the right side of the heart pumps blood into _______

- the left side of the heart pumps blood into _______

Answer 3

• pulmonary circulation

- systemic circulation

Question 4

arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart and veins carry oxygen poor blood toward the heart. what is the one exception?

Answer 4

Exception: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs; pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood to heart

Question 5

Explain atherosclerosis

• what
• causes
• what do you call atherosclerosis in a major heart artery?

Answer 5

• Cardiovascular disease that begins with a small lesion in a vessel. Fats deposit in the lesion; macrophages try to help but fill with cholesterol; platelets, LDL, and other cells build up as well. Smooth muscles cover up the deposit and lead to a narrowed artery
• Causes: nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol, free radicals, high insulin or glucose levels, LDL deposits
• atherosclerosis in a major heart artery: coronary artery disease

Question 6

define arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

• Irreversible disease where soft tissue gradually becomes replaced with calcium and form mineral deposits making walls stiffer

Question 7

heart attack

• how
• medical name

Answer 7

• Occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an atherosclerotic coronary artery; heart cells die because nutrient and oxygens cannot be delivered to cells
• myocardial infarction

Question 8

Symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 8

• Chest discomfort (squeezing, heaviness, burning, pain)
• Discomfort in the upper body (neck, jaw, shoulder, arms, back)
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Lightheadedness

Question 9

Stroke

• how
• what occurs due to stroke
• medical name

Answer 9

• Occurs when there is a blockage in blood flow to a region of the brain tissue
• Leads to reduced blood flow, lack of oxygen delivery, and tissue death
• Also called thrombovascular accidents

Question 10

Signs of stroke

Answer 10

• F.A.S.T. acronym
• Face: is it drooping?
• Arms: can you raise both?
• Speech: slurred or jumbled?
• Time: call 911 right away!

Question 11

Types of stroke

• 2 types
• 2 subtypes of 1 subtype

Answer 11

• Ischemic: blockage disrupts blood flow to brain; more common (80%)
• Thrombotic stroke: blood clots form where an artery has been narrowed by atherosclerosis; caused by a thrombus (blood clot) breaks away and causes a blockage in a downstream artery
• Embolic stroke: caused by emboli (blood clots that travel from elsewhere in the body to the brain)
• Hemorrhagic: blood vessel bursts and blood leaks into tissue; less common (20%)

Question 12

What are some risk factors for coronary heart disease (4)

Answer 12

• Blood pressure
• Cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Cigarettes

Question 13

Stroke patterns

Answer 13

• Risk varies with ethnicity, being highest for old white males

Question 14

Ways to prevent cardiovascular disease

Answer 14

• Don’t smoke
• Moderate alcohol intake (at most)
• Keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check
• At least 150min/ week of physical activity
• Eat “heart healthy”
• Healthy fats (no trans, unsaturated fats > saturated fats, adequate omega 6<3, fatty acids)
• Lower sodium intake
• Vegetables and fruits
• Lots of fibre and whole grains; soy can lower cholesterol
• Adequate B vitamins
• Keep a healthy weight
• Develop effective ways to manage stress

Question 15

What is the main risk factor for heart disease

Answer 15

Elevated blood cholesterol

Question 16

Explain

• lipoprotein role
• low density lipoprotein
• high density lipoprotein

Answer 16

• carries cholesterol in blood
• Low density lipoprotein (LDL; called a bad cholesterol; moves from blood to vessel walls and increase CVD risk)
• High density lipoprotein (HDL; called a good cholesterol; can promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk)

Question 17

Major risks of tobaacco

Answer 17

• Leading behaviour related preventable cause of death
• Smokers die ~7 years earlier on average than non-smokers
• Smoking doubles risk of heart disease and stroke
• 2+ packs a day= 15-25x more likely to die of lung cancer
• Associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• Smoking while pregnant: increased risk of miscarriage, complications, and asthma in offspring
• Second hand smoke: most hazardous form of indoor pollution and also a risk factor for lung cancer

Question 18

Hypertension

• what is it
• consequences

Answer 18

• high blood pressure: type of CVD and a risk factor for more CVD; Hypertension causes more strain on the heart and blood vessels. Extra strain can cause lesion in vessels which promotes atherosclerosis
  Consequences of high blood pressure
• Eye damage; in severe cases eventual blindness
• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Damage to artery walls
• Kidney failure

Question 19

What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease

Answer 19

• Angioplasty: enlarging an artery by using a balloon-type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open
• Coronary artery bypass surgery: replacing blocked/ narrow coronary arteries with healthy segments of other vessels from elsewhere in the body (often vein from leg); usually performed after angioplasty has been attempted and/or failed OR if narrowing or blockage is too severe

Question 20

Diabetes

• possible risks associated with diabetes
• Types of diabetes

Answer 20

• Adults with untreated diabetes are 2-4x more likely to suffer from heart disease or stroke and are more likely to suffer a CVD or stroke at a younger age
• Additional dangers: kidney failure, compromised circulation to extremities (amputation possible), impotence, blindness, skin sores
• Type 1 (insulin dependent): Hereditary; body cannot make enough insulin
• Type 2 (non-insulin dependent): Caused by lifestyle choices; body doesn’t respond to insulin

Question 21

Risk Factors for diabetes

Answer 21

• Obesity
• Ethnicity
• Physical inactivity
• Family history
• Previous case of gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy)

Question 22

Treatment for diabetes

Answer 22

• No cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable
• Type 1: insulin injections
• Type 2: lifestyle modifications and medications
• Diabetes Prevention Program
  Losing weight, improving diet, and participating in regular physical activity reduce diabetes risk by 50%

Question 23

Define: obesity

• obesity is strongly associated with (3)?

- what does the Framingham study find about obese people?

Answer 23

• 20% above ideal weight
• Strongly associated with: hypertension, lower HDL, and type 2 diabetes
• obese people are 40x more likely to suffer a sudden cardiac death

Question 24

Risk factors: Framingham Study

• some you can’t control
• some you can control

Answer 24

factors you can't control
- age
- sex
- heredity
- ethnicity
Factors you can control
- smoking, alcohol, drugs
- diet
- exercise
- stress