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Immunology > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

The negative selection of self-reactive B and T cells

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2
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Tolerance mechanisms that happen outside the bone marrow and thymus gland

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3
Q

What are the three subcategories of peripheral tolerance?

A

Immune privilege
Suppression
Anergy

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4
Q

What is AIRE?

A

An autoimmune regulator that eliminates self-reactive T cells that would otherwise cause autoimmune disease

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5
Q

What is the consequence of AIRE deficiency?

A

APECED, a multiorgan immune syndrome

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6
Q

How are autoreactive B cells in the periphery managed through T cells?

A

B cell reliance on Th cells provide a safeguard from rouge B cells

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7
Q

What does the peripheral tolerance mechanism of immune privilege consist of?

A

Certain tissues such as the nervous system, the eyes, testes and uterus are shielded from the immune system

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8
Q

What does the peripheral tolerance mechanism of suppression consist of?

A

Suppressive cytokines and TReg cells keep immune responses in check

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9
Q

What does the peripheral tolerance mechanism of anergy consist of?

A

When autoreactive B and T cells go into a frozen state for protection

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10
Q

What are some mechanisms and symptoms of Grave’s disease?

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity
Agonistic autoantibodies
Overproduction of thyroid hormones

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11
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity
B and T cells destroy thyroid tissue
Reduction of thyroid hormones

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12
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of insulin dependent diabetes myelitis (IDDM)?

A

Type 1 diabetes onset in childhood
Type 2 and 4 hypersensitivity
Organ specific
Loss of ability to produce insulin and metabolize glucose

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13
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A 
Type 3 hypersensitivity 
Systemic 
Nuclear antigens and other common target
Facial rash
More likely in African/Asian women
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14
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

Type 3 and 4 hypersensitivity
Systemic
Anti-IgG antibodies
Chronic inflammation in joints

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15
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A 
Type 2 hypersensitivity 
Neuro-muscular system
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Block muscle stimulation 
Progressive muscular weaknesses
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16
Q

What are some of the mechanisms and symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity
Destruction of insulating myelin sheath of CNS
Progressive paralysis

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17
Q

What are some of the genetic factors associated with autoimmune disease?

A

Gender
Defects if immunoregulatory proteins
HLA alleles

18
Q

What are some of the environmental factors associated with autoimmune disease?

A

Altered self exposure
Molecular mimicry
Exposure to sequestered Ags
Hygiene hypothesis

19
Q

Why is HLA associated with certain autoimmune disease?

A

Some alleles may present self antigens to autoreactive T cells better than others

20
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

When exposure to an infectious microorganism induces memory B and T cells to react with self antigens

21
Q

How does exposure to sequestered self Ags happen?

A

When trauma to tissues expose immune system to privileged sites

22
Q

What are some additional risk factors of autoimmune disease?

A

Inflammation induced HLA expression
Aging
Hygiene hypothesis
TReg

23
Q

How are autoimmune diseases treated?

A

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents
Some novel therapies -
Humanized monoclonal antibodies

24
Q

What is an autograft?

A

Self to self transplant

25
Q

What is a syngeneic graft?

A

A genetically identical transplant, such as with twins

26
Q

What is an allograft?

A

A genetically distinct transplant

27
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

A transplant between species

28
Q

What can precautions can prevent organ rejection?

A

Making sure that ABO blood type and HLA alleles match between donor and recipient

29
Q

What is the mechanism of organ rejection?

A

Donor’s APC’s migrate to secondary lymphoid organs from the transplant and activate T cells against the foreign item

30
Q

What is direct allorecognition?

A

Acute rejection of transplant within days due to direct interaction of donor APC’s and recipient T cells

31
Q

What is indirect allorecognition?

A

Results from processing donor MHC molecules in recipient APC’s and gives way to chronic graft rejection

32
Q

What are the four major categories of immunosuppressive drugs?

A

Steroids
Cytotoxic agents
T and B cell activation inhibitors
Antibody based T cell blockers

33
Q

What is the mechanism of corticosteroids?

A

A natural steroid derivative that act as a negative regulator on the immune response

34
Q

What are the side effects of corticosteroids?

A

Fluid retention
Weight gain
Diabetes
Thinning of bone and skin tissues

35
Q

What is the mechanism of cytotoxic agents?

A

They are inhibitors of cellular proliferation which block B and T cells at the core of adaptive immune responses

36
Q

What are the risks of cytotoxic agents?

A

Opportunistic infections

37
Q

What are rapamycin, cyclosporin A and tacrolimus examples of?

A

T and B cell activation inhibitors

38
Q

What are anti-CD3 and anti-ILR2 examples of?

A

Humanized monoclonal antibodies approved for use in transplantation

39
Q

What types of disease are treatable by BMT?

A

Any genetic diseases that affect the blood cells or cancer of the blood

40
Q

What is the goal of BMT?

A

To repopulate the recipients blood with healthy cells from a donor

41
Q

What are the order of events during a BMT?

A

Recipient undergoes chemo or irradiation
Bone marrow collected from donor
Recipient is infused with donor cells
Blood repopulated with donor cells

Immunology (11 decks)

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