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Immunology > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most pathogens enter the body?

A

Through the mucosal tract

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2
Q

What are the three tracts that are made up of mucosal tissue?

A

Respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital

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3
Q

What kinds of cells is the mucosal tract lined with?

A

Collated epithelial cells that secrete mucous

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4
Q

What two antibodies are a part of the mucosal secretions?

A

IgA and IgM

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5
Q

What do we provide commensal microorganisms with?

A

Food and warmth

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6
Q

What do commensal bacteria provide us?

A 
Competition with pathogens
Digestion aid
Vitamins
Immune system development 
PTreg balance
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7
Q

What part of the gut should commensal bacteria live?

A

The lumen

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8
Q

Where is it dangerous for commensal bacteria to end up?

A

The lamina propria

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9
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

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10
Q

What are M cells?

A

Microfold cells, specialized epithelial cells that actively sample antigens from the lumen

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11
Q

What do M cells do with the antigens they sample from the lumen?

A

They don’t degrade them but pass them to APC’s, B cells and T cells

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12
Q

What is the phenomenon of gut homing?

A

When effector cells migrate back to the mucosal tissue where they were initially activated

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13
Q

How long do antibodies usually persist after an infection and protect without the need of a secondary response?

A

A few months

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14
Q

When is a secondary response with the help of memory cells required?

A

After antibodies from the primary response breakdown

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15
Q

When are B and T memory cells created?

A

During the primary response

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16
Q

How can you tell the difference between naive B cells and memory B cells?

A

Naive B cells express IgM while memory B cells have undergone isotype switching

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17
Q

What kind if immune response is associated with the expression of IgM?

A

The primary response

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18
Q

What do naive B cells undergo during proliferation?

A

Hypermutation

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19
Q

How do memory B cells achieve affinity maturation?

A

By selecting for the memory B cells with the highest antigen affinity

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20
Q

Which are easier to activate; memory B and T cells or naive B and T cells?

A

Memory B and T cells

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21
Q

Memory B cells require helper T cells for what?

A

Activation

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22
Q

How can you tell effector and memory T cells from naive T cells?

A

Based on the expression of their surface and intracellular proteins

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23
Q

What two molecules are expressed by effector and memory T cells, but not by naive T cells?

A

Granzymes and Fas ligands for killing target cells

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24
Q

Where do memory T cells circulate?

A

Through the peripheral tissues, not limited to the lymphoid organs

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25
Q

How are memory T cells activated?

A

Directly by APCs

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26
Q

What are the two sub populations of memory T cells?

A

Effector memory T cells and central memory T cells

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27
Q

What kind of memory cell homes directly to peripheral inflamed tissues and quickly differentiate with APCs?

A

Effector memory cells

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28
Q

What kind of memory cells home to secondary lymphoid tissues where they can activated B cells?

A

Central memory T cells

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29
Q

What produces exotoxins?

A

Extracellular bacteria

30
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by exotoxins?

A

Tetanus, cholera, anthrax, whooping cough or scarlet fever

31
Q

What is an example of an immune evasion tactic used by pathogens?

A 
Antigenic variation
Latency
Inhibition of humoral immunity
Inhibition of inflammation 
Blocking of antigen presentation and processing pathways
General immune suppression
32
Q

How does antigenic variation work?

A

The pathogen makes genetic changes to render itself unrecognizable by antibodies and memory cells

33
Q

Which is more serious, antigenic drift or antigenic drift?

A

Antigenic shift which creates viral subtypes that can cause pandemics

34
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

35
Q

How does latency help a virus?

A

It can persist in the same host in a dormant form

36
Q

What two viruses use latency in the ganglia of sensory neurons?

A

Herpes and chicken pox/shingles

37
Q

What can reactivate latent viruses?

A

Stress and immunosuppression

38
Q

What is unique about HIV’s latency technique?

A

It forms a pro virus that integrates into the chromosome of an infected cell

39
Q

What is an example of a viral immune evasion technique?

A

Inhibition of humoral immunity
Inhibition of inflammation
Blocking antigen processing and presentation
Immunosupression of host

40
Q

When did Edward Jenner introduce the vaccine for smallpox using cowpox?

A

1780’s

41
Q

What are some of the goals around vaccine development?

A

B and T memory cells
Safety
High efficacy

42
Q

What is the phenomenon of herd immunity?

A

The stability of a population established by a pool of relevant memory cells that reduces transmission

43
Q

What are the three main categories of vaccine?

A

Attenuated live
Whole organism killed/inactivated
Sub-unit

44
Q

What are some characteristics of a whole organism attenuated live vaccine?

A

Made with weakened, avirulent pathogen
Full antigenic representation
Endogenous with CTL memory
Risks to those with weakened immune systems

45
Q

What are some characteristics of whole organism inactivated vaccines

A

No longer infectious
Safer than live
Exogenous only, no CTL memory
Th and B cell memory

46
Q

What are characteristics of a sub-unit vaccine?

A

Made from purified Ag, not whole pathogen
Exogenous only; no CTL memory
Adjuvants required; mimics PAMPs to activate PRRs and APCs

47
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Nonspecific immunostimulatory agents

48
Q

What are two novel vaccine strategies brought about by recombinant DNA techniques?

A

Recombinant-live vaccines

DNA vaccines

49
Q

What is a recombinant-live vaccine?

A

It relies on the Ag from unrelated pathogen and a vaccine “delivery vector” to create endogenous presentation of antigens to create CTL memory

50
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A

An injection of DNA encoding for antigen which creates immune response and then memory cells

51
Q

What is the greatest challenge with vaccinations at this time?

A

Public distrust

52
Q

What is an immunodeficiency?

A

A status of impairment within the immune system that decreases the ability to respond to infections or a heightened reaction to infection, both of which cause damage.

53
Q

What are the two types of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary and secondary

54
Q

What is a primary immunodeficiency?

A

A genetic defect that results in higher rate of infection or autoimmunity

55
Q

What is a secondary immunodeficiency?

A

One that has developed due to environmental factors such as immunosuppressive drugs, chemo, or HIV/AIDS

56
Q

When did the CDC first start reporting AIDS infections?

A

1980’s

57
Q

What is the cause of death with an AIDS infection?

A

Opportunistic microorganisms

58
Q

Which lymphocyte is depleted as a result of HIV/AIDS?

A

CD4 T cells

59
Q

What are the two paths of HIV/AIDS infection?

A

Sexual contact and blood

60
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

61
Q

What is the major surface Ag of HIV?

A

Gp120

62
Q

What is a provirus?

A

The dormant form taken by HIV while its in its latent stage. Once the infected T cell is activated, the virus will start reproducing.

63
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

The key clinical diagnostic indicator of exposure due to HIV specific antibodies in the serum

64
Q

What are three ways that AIDS evades immune responses?

A

Provirus dormancy
Error prone reverse transcriptase
CD4 Th cell depletion

65
Q

How does the provirus state help AIDS evade the immune system?

A

Pro viruses are not detectable by antibodies and without replication they are not recognized by CTL

66
Q

How does error prone reverse transcriptase help AIDS avoid immune detection?

A

By creating thousands of sub-types within a single person that make memory cell identification and vaccine development nearly impossible

67
Q

What does HAART stand for?

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

68
Q

What is HAART?

A

A combination therapy that target HIV replication enzymes

69
Q

What are the draw backs of HAART?

A

Toxicities
Not a cure
Expensive

70
Q

How was one person cured of AIDS?

A

Through a bone marrow transplant from an donor with a defective CCR5 co-receptor gene

Immunology (11 decks)

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