Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which lymphocyte is key to humoral adaptive immunity?

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which lymphocytes are key to cell mediated adaptive immunity?

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does TCR stand for?

A

T-cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are Ag’s expressed?

A

Through the membrane or in a secreted form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many polypeptides is an Ag made of?

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does it mean that Ag is bivalent?

A

That there are two identical binding sites on an Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is a TCR expressed?

A

On the T-cell membrane only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many polypeptide chains is a TCR made from?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen presenting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells are APC?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does it mean that TCR are monovalent?

A

That TCRs have one antigen binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is made from an alpha and beta chain or a gamma and delta chain?

A

TCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is the most abundant T cell? Alpha-beta type or gamma-delta type?

A

Alpha-beta type T cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which has a higher portentously for diversity? TCR or Ig?

A

TCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does VDJ recombination occurs for TCR?

A

During development in the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which sections of VDJ recombination are used for the alpha and beta chains of TCR?

A

V and J for alpha chain

V, D and J for beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do TCRs particulate in isotype ditching or affinity maturation?

A

No, only Ig participates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two major functional classes of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

Helper T cells (Th)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which co-receptor does CTL express?

A

CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which co-receptor does Th express?

A

CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the CD8 co-receptor recognize?

A

Antigens of diseased or dying cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of CTL?

A

Induce death in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of Th?

A

Modulate responses of innate and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does TCR require to recognize an antigen?

A

Presentation of MHC molecules on APC or target cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatability complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two types of major histonecompatability complex called?

A

MHC class 1 and MHC class 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a TCR?

A

A membrane bound glycoproteins that resembles a single antigen-binding arm of an Ig molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is MHC class 1 made up of?

A

A single polypeptide (alpha) chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many structural domains does MHC class 1 have?

A

Three, alpha 1, 2 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is MHC class 2 a heterodimer?

A

Because it is made up of an alpha and beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many amino acids make up the peptides bound to MHC class 1?

A

8-10 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many amino acids make up the peptides that bind to MHC class 2?

A

13-25 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How are T cell classes distinguished from each other?

A

By surface expression of CD4 (helper T) and CD8 (CTL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the two co-receptors that function with TCR in MHC binding?

A

CD4 and CD8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where does CD8 bind on MHC class 1?

A

The alpha 3 domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does CD4 bind on MHC class 2?

A

Beta 2 domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which MHC class do nucleated cells bind to?

A

MHC class 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which cells express MHC class 2 molecules?

A

Antigen presenting cells - macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why are most cells potentially targets?

A

Because MHC class 1 presents antigens to CTLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does a TCR resemble?

A

The Fab portion of Ig with cytoplasmic tails anchoring it through the transmembrane region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What makes up the ligand for TCR?

A

A combo of the pathogen peptide and MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the major cause if tissue incompatibility and transplant rejection?

A

MHC difference between donor and recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a T-cell receptor?

A

A membrane-bound glycoprotein that resembles a single antigen-binding arm of an Ig molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the three regions of TCR?

A

The V region, C region and membrane anchoring domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the most variable parts of TCR?

A

V alpha and V beta domains where antigen-binding occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the hypervariable regions of TCR referred to as?

A

Complementarity-determining regions (CDR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many CDR loops do the V regions of TCR alpha and beta chains have?

A

Three - CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How many kind of MHC class 1 molecules present antigens to CD8 T cells?

A

Three - HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What kinds of cells express MHC class 2 molecules?

A

“Professional” antigen presenting cells (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many kinds of MHV class 2 molecules are presented to CD4 T cells?

A

Three - HLA-DP, HLA-DQ and HLA-DR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What three cells are considered APCs?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

52
Q

What is an issue caused by the high level of polymorphism in the HLA molecules of MHC class 1 and 2?

A

So unique person-to-person that tissue transplantation can be difficult

53
Q

What is the benefit of polymorphism in the HLA molecules of MHC class 1 and 2?

A

Variability in Ag binding sites enhances the probability of pathogen recognition

54
Q

What kinds of cells express MHC class 1 molecules?

A

Most nucleated cells

55
Q

Which MHC class is associated with Ag presentation to CD8 cells/CTLs/cytotoxic T cells?

A

MHC class 1

56
Q

Which MHC class is derived from intracellular sources and is considered endogenous?

A

MHC class 1

57
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC class 1?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

58
Q

What kinds of cells express MHC class 2 molecules?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) including macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

59
Q

Which MHC class is associated with Ag presentation to CD4 T cells/Th/Helper T cells?

A

MHC class 2

60
Q

Which MHC class is derived from extracellular sources and is considered exogenous?

A

MHC class 2

61
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC class 2?

A

HLA-DR, HLA-DP and HLA-DQ

62
Q

Which processing pathway is used by endogenous proteins?

A

The endocytic processing pathway

63
Q

Where are exogenous proteins presented?

A

On MHC class 2 to CD4 T cells

64
Q

Which pathway is used for endogenous proteins?

A

The cytosolic processing pathway

65
Q

Where are endogenous proteins presented?

A

On MHC class 1 to CD8 T cells

66
Q

What are endogenous antigens?

A

Proteins translated by cellular ribosomes and delivered directly to the cytoplasm

67
Q

What is the barrel shaped protein complex of proteolytic enzymes called?

A

The proteasome

68
Q

What does the proteasome do?

A

Breaks down cellular proteins

69
Q

What do Tap1 and Tap2 do?

A

They are transport protein complexes that bring peptide fragments from the proteasome to the ER

70
Q

What does MHC class 1 and 2 need to leave the ER for the membrane surface?

A

A peptide, in the absence of infection, the cell displays “self”

71
Q

Pathogen material is captured in the phagosome and merged with the digestive enzymes in the lysosome forming what?

A

Phagolysosome

72
Q

What blocks peptide antigen bind from interacting with other proteins in the ER during the process of antigen presentation?

A

The invariant chain

73
Q

During antigen processing and presentation, MHC class 2 and the invariant chain transport through the Golgi apparatus and are cleaved leaving behind what?

A

The CLIP fragment

74
Q

What is exchanged for the antigen peptide during the processing and presentation of antigens?

A

The CLIP fragment

75
Q

Endogenous Ags present to?

A

CTLs

76
Q

Exogenous Ags present to?

A

Th cells

77
Q

What is the goal of presenting endogenous Ags to CTLs?

A

The elimination of infected cells

78
Q

What is the goal of presenting exogenous Ags to Th cells?

A

To stimulate B cells to make Abs so that Abs can activate phagocytes

79
Q

What does MHC class 1 do?

A

Place red flags on cells indivisible health/disease

80
Q

What does MHC class 2 do?

A

Alert helper T cells of tissue infection

81
Q

What is the first step involved in the processing of peptides that will be presented by MHC class 2?

A

Endocytosis, or uptake of the pathogen

82
Q

Which Ig sensitizes mast cells?

A

IgE

83
Q

What would happen to someone with a non-functioning TAP protein?

A

They would have a poor CTL response to viruses

84
Q

What are four antibody effector functions?

A
  1. Neutralization of toxins
  2. ADCC
  3. Opsonization
  4. Complement activation
85
Q

If gene rearrangement during B cell development results in what?

A

Assembly of a complete antibody with diverse specificity that is suitable for expression

86
Q

Which class of MHC molecule do HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ apply to?

A

MHC class 2

87
Q

Which class of MHC molecule do HLA-A, -B, and -C belong to?

A

MHC class 1

88
Q

The pairing of light and heavy chain at the V region of Ig results in?

A

The antigen binding site

89
Q

What protein enables the stable expression of TCR on the T cell surface?

A

CD3edgz

90
Q

Which Ig is expressed along with IgD on the surface of naive B cells?

A

IgM

91
Q

What is the most abundant Ig produced in the primary response?

A

IgM

92
Q

Which Ig is secreted as a pentamer?

A

IgM

93
Q

What does CDR stand for?

A

Complementarity determining regions

94
Q

What are the three types of complementarity determining regions?

A

CD1, CDR2 and CDR3

95
Q

Where does the complementarity determining region (CDR) reside?

A

The hypervariable region

96
Q

What does MHC polymorphism in reference to?

A

The many alleles of MHC

97
Q

Which diversity mechanisms do B cells and T cells have in common?

A

VDJ recombination and P and N additions

98
Q

What do BCRs undergo that contributes to their diversity, but T cells do not?

A

Somatic hypermutation of V regions

99
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The part of an antigen that can kick off an immune response by binding to a lymphocyte

100
Q

What are the two types of epitopes?

A

Linear and discontinuous

101
Q

Which Ig dominate in the primary and secondary immune response?

A

IgM in primary

IgG in secondary

102
Q

How do antibodies produces in secondary response differ from those in the primary?

A

Somatic mutation/affinity maturation cause Ab in secondary response to have higher affinity for Ag

103
Q

Which make antibodies, B cells or T cells?

A

B cells

104
Q

What is a T Cell receptor?

A

TCR is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that resembles a single antigen-binding arm of an Ig molecule

105
Q

Which increase their diversity through somatic hypermutation and isotype switching? TCR or BCR? I

A

BCR/Ig only

106
Q

In what way do RAG genes differ from other eukaryotic genes?

A

They do not have introns

107
Q

Which has more diversity, alpha:beta T cells or gamma:delta T cells?

A

Alpha beta TCR

108
Q

How long are the peptides recognized by TCR?

A

8-25 amino acids long

109
Q

What kind of pathogens does MHC class 1 present?

A

Intracellular

110
Q

What kinds of antigens do MHC class 2 present?

A

Extracellular

111
Q

What kinds of T cells recognize the intracellular peptides presented by MHC class 1?

A

Effector T cells/Cytotoxic T cells

112
Q

What kinds of T cells recognize the extracellular peptides presented by MHC class 2?

A

Helper T cells

113
Q

T cell co-receptor CD8 and CD4 bind with which MHC class?

A

CD4 with MHC class 2 and CD8 with MHC Class 1

114
Q

What is the function of a CD8 T cell?

A

Kill infected cells

115
Q

What is the function of a CD4 T cell?

A

Facilitate macrophages, improve phagocytosis and secrete cytokines

116
Q

Which MHC class can bind to longer peptides?

A

MHC class 1 binds 8-10 aa long peptides and MHC class 2 binds 13-25 aa long peptides

117
Q

What are three physical features shared by all peptides?

A

Amino terminus
Carboxy terminus
Peptide backbone

118
Q

What is the proteasome?

A

A large, barrel-shaped protein complex that degraded poorly folded/obsolete proteins in the cytosol

119
Q

What does TAP stand for?

A

Transporter associated with antigen processing

120
Q

What is TAP?

A

Membrane embedded protein that transports peptides across the ER

121
Q

What is the peptide loading complex?

A

A short lived, multisubunit membrane protein complex located in the ER that orchestrates peptide translocation and selection by MHC class 1

122
Q

What is the central component of the peptide-loading complex?

A

Tapasin, a bridging protein that brings beta 2-microglobulin herterodimer and class 1 heavy chain close to TAP

123
Q

What does Calreculin do as part of the peptide loading complex?

A

It is a soluble chaperone related to calnexin that binds to MHC class 1 heavy chain to stabilize it and recycle empty MHC class 1 molecules

124
Q

What kind of chain is identical in all individuals?

A

Invariant chain that prevents MHC class 2 from binding with the wrong peptide in the ER

125
Q

Which cells express MHC class 1?

A

Most cells in the body, except erythrocytes (RBC)

126
Q

Which cells express MHC class 2?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells; B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

Immunology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions