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Immunology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How do Dendritic cells and macrophages become activated APCs?

A

Through an interaction with a pathogen using their pathogen recognition receptors PRRs

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2
Q

How is a T cell activated?

A

Through direct interaction with an activated APC

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3
Q

Where do APC’s go once activated?

A

They move from the infected tissue to the secondary lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

What is an immunological synapse?

A

The physical interface between APC and T cell

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5
Q

What is needed to stabilize the cell-cell interaction between T cell and APC?

A

Cell surface adhesion molecules

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6
Q

Which co-stimulatory molecule is expressed by all T cells?

A

CD28

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7
Q

Which co-stimulators molecule is expressed by activated APC’s?

A

B7

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8
Q

Which co-stimulatory molecule is expressed by activated T cells?

A

CTLA-4

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9
Q

What does CTLA-4 bind to?

A

CTLA-4 OB activated T cells binds with B7 on activated APC

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10
Q

Which binds more tightly with B7, CTLA-4 or CD28?

A

CTLA-4 on activated T cells binds more tightly with B7 on APCs

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11
Q

What is the purpose of CTLA-4?

A

It is a T cell response inhibitor which controls for lethal hyper-proliferation

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12
Q

What is PD-1?

A

An inhibitory T cell surface protein, similar to CTLA-4 that could be a target for immune-therapies

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13
Q

What is CD4’s role in early signaling events following antigenic stimulation of a T cell?

A

CD4 is the distinguishing receptor of helper T cells, as opposed to CD8 cytotoxic T cells.

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14
Q

What is the role of CD3 in early signaling events following T cell stimulation?

A

CD3 is involved in activating CD8 cytotoxic T cells and CD4 helper T cells

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15
Q

What is the role of ITAM’s in the early signaling events following T cell stimulation?

A

ITAM’s initiates TCR signaling by recruiting protein tyrosine kinase

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16
Q

What does ITAMs stand for?

A

Immunoreceptor-Tyrosine-based-Activation-Motif

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17
Q

What is the role of ZAP70 in early signaling events following T cell activation?

A

ZAP70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in initiating T cell response by antigen receptor

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18
Q

What does PLC stand for?

A

Phospholipase C

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19
Q

What does PLC do?

A

Cuts off the hydrophobic head of specialized phospholipid called PIP2

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20
Q

What two products does the hydrolysis of of PIP2 yield?

A

DAG and IP3

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21
Q

What happens to DAG and IP3 after they are formed through the hydrolysis of PIP2?

A

DAG remains in the membrane and IP3 diffuses into the Chris ol

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22
Q

What does DAG stand for?

A

Diacylglycerol

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23
Q

What does IP3 stand for?

A

triphosphate

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24
Q

What are the three T cell signaling activation pathways?

A

DAG-PKC-NF kappa B

DAG-RAS-API

IP3-Ca2+-NF-AT

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25
Q

What is the end result of the T cell activation signaling?

A
  1. Induced expression high affinity interleukin 2 receptor
  2. Up regulated expression of cytokines IL-2, an important T cell growth factor
  3. Induces proliferation
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26
Q

What is the result of the Ras/MAPK signaling cascade?

A

Activation of the AP-1 transcription factor

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27
Q

What does anergy mean?

A

A T cell that is in a non-responsive state

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28
Q

What happens to a T cell that receives its specific signal and the co-stimulatory signal?

A

T cell activation

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29
Q

What happens to a T cell that receives only its specific signal?

A

It becomes anergic

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30
Q

What happens to a T cell that receives only it’s co-stimulators signal?

A

No effect on the T cell

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31
Q

How do T cells carry out their function?

A

Through cell-cell contact and secreted cytokines

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32
Q

What are the three lineages followed by alpha:beta T cells when developing in the thymus?

A
  1. CD4/Helper
  2. CD8/Cytotoxic
  3. tTReg
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33
Q

What do tTReg cells do?

A

Suppress the immune response in the periphery

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34
Q

What else are naive helper T cells known as?

A

Th0 cells

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35
Q

How do Th0 cells become effector Th cells?

A

Through cytokines signaling from APCs or other cells nearby

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36
Q

What are the five types of cells a CD4 T cell can differentiate into?

A

Th1, Th2, pTreg, Th17 and Tfh

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37
Q

Which cytokine signals the differentiation of a TReg cell?

A

TGF-beta

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38
Q

Which cytokine signals the differentiation of Th1 cells?

A

IL-12 and IFN- gamma

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39
Q

Which cytokine signals the differentiation of Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

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40
Q

Which cytokine signals the differentiation of Th17?

A

IL-6 and IL-21

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41
Q

Which cytokine signals the differentiation of Tfh?

A

IL-16, IL-23 and TGF-beta

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42
Q

What is the defining transcription factor TReg cells?

A

FoxP3

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43
Q

What is the defining transcription factor of Th1?

A

T-bet

44
Q

What is the defining transcription factor of Th2 cells?

A

GATA-3

45
Q

What is the defining transcription factor of Th-17?

A

ROR gamma T

46
Q

What is the defining transcription factor of Tfh?

A

Bcl6

47
Q

What are the cytokines expressed by TReg cells?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10

48
Q

What are the cytokines secreted by Th1?

A

IL-2 and IFN-gamma

49
Q

What are the cytokines secreted by Th2?

A

IL-4 and IL-5

50
Q

What are the cytokines secreted by Th-17?

A

IL-1 and IL-6

51
Q

What are the cytokines secreted by Tfh?

A

IL-21

52
Q

Where do pTreg cells develop?

A

In the periphery

53
Q

Where do tTReg cells develop?

A

In the thymus

54
Q

What is the effector function of Th17 cells?

A

They enhance neutrophils’ ability phagocytize and induce inflammation

55
Q

Where do Tfh cells live?

A

In the follicles of the secondary lymphoid organs

56
Q

What do Tfh cells do?

A

Promote B cell maturation

57
Q

What does interaction between Tfh cells and B cells cause?

A

Isotype switching and affinity maturation

58
Q

Which effector T cell secretes interferon gamma to enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages?

A

Th1 cells

59
Q

Which effector T cell expresses CD40 ligand which binds to the stimulatory protein CD40 on macrophages?

A

Th1 cells

60
Q

Which effector T cell induces the formation of granulomas that limit the spread of intracellular pathogens?

A

Th1 cells

61
Q

Which effector T cell secretes IL-2 a T cell growth factor needed for CTL activation?

A

Th1 cells

62
Q

Which effector T cell responds to extracellular pathogens such as helminthic parasites?

A

Th2 cells

63
Q

Which effector T cell is significant in the context of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Th2 cells

64
Q

Which effector T cell contributes to allergic inflammation?

A

Th2 cells

65
Q

What is the principle effector function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Kill infected cells

66
Q

How many mechanisms of C8 T cell activation are there?

A

Three

67
Q

What kinds of cells are required to initiate autocrine action and the activation of CD8 T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

68
Q

What cells are required to initiate paracrine action and activation of CD8 T cells?

A

CD4 T cells/Helper T cells

69
Q

Exogenous Ag are processed by the endocrine pathway and presented how?

A

On MHC class 2 to CD4 T helper cells

70
Q

Endogenous Ag are processed by the cytostolic pathway and presented how?

A

On MHC class 1 to CD8 CTLs

71
Q

What is the cross presentation phenomenon?

A

Dendritic cells can present intracellular Ag on MHC class 1 even if gathered from the outside

72
Q

What are three key changes that happen when naive CD8 T cells change into effector CTLs?

A
  1. Expression of IL-2 receptor to drive proliferation
  2. Gains killing function by expressing/packaging cytotoxic compounds in lyric granules
  3. Up regulation of Fas ligand
73
Q

How are target cells identified by CTL?

A

Recognition of Ag displayed by MHC class 1

74
Q

What are the two mechanisms for CTLs to kill target cells?

A

Perforin mechanism and Fas mechanism

75
Q

The two proteins perforin and granzymes are key to what target cell killing mechanism?

A

Perforin

76
Q

What target cell killing mechanism relies on the Fas ligand?

A

The Fas mechanism

77
Q

What does perforin do as part of the perforin killing mechanism?

A

Creates pores in the target cell

78
Q

What do granzymes do as part of the perforin killing mechanism?

A

Enters the pores and induces apoptosis

79
Q

Where is Fas present?

A

On the surface of most cells

80
Q

What do TReg cells do?

A

Suppress immune response

81
Q

When did we gain a better understanding of Treg cells through studies of autoimmune diseases scurfy and IPEX?

A

2000-2006

82
Q

What is FOXP3?

A

A TReg specific transcription factor that is disabled or mutated with scurfy and IPEX autoimmune diseases

83
Q

What are three TReg mechanisms of action?

A
  1. Cytokine mediated suppression by TReg secreted inhibitory cytokines
  2. Indirect inhibition if T cells by outcompeting for binding to cytokine IL-2
  3. Inhibition of APC function by killing or stripping stimulatory B7 through CTLA-4 expression
84
Q

When B cells are activated, what do they become?

A

Antibody producing plasma cells

85
Q

What two processes are needed to initiate B cell activation?

A
  1. Cross linking BCR

2. Phosphorylation of ITAMS in Ig alpha and Ig beta chains

86
Q

What are the three receptor associated kinases activated by BCR cross linking?

A

Blk, Fyn and Lyn

87
Q

What phosphorylates ITAM sequence on Ig alpha/Ig beta cytoplasmic tails?

A

Receptor associated kinases Blk, Fyn and Lyn

88
Q

What kinase uses the phosphorylated Ig alpha and Ig beta cytoplasmic tails for docking?

A

Syk

89
Q

The docking of Syk on the Ig alpha and Ig beta cytoplasmic tails results in how many cascading pathways leading to B cell activation?

A

Three, same for T cell activation

90
Q

What are TD antigens?

A

Helper T cell dependent antigens that require co-stimulation signals for activation

91
Q

What are TI antigens?

A

Antigens that do not require T helper cells to activate

92
Q

What are the two subgroups if TI antigens?

A

TI-1 and TI-2

93
Q

How do helper T cells offer co-stimulatory signals to B cells with TD antigens?

A

Through BCR co-receptor which deliver signals when bound to a complement protein on the target pathogen

94
Q

What three proteins make up the co-BCR required by TD antigens?

A

CD19, CD21 and CD81

95
Q

What kind of response is induced by TI-1 and TI-2 antigens?

A

B cell proliferation and differentiation, but for a limited duration and only IgM. No isotype switching, affinity maturation or memory cell.

96
Q

Which are more common, TD antigens or TI antigens?

A

T cell dependent antigens

97
Q

What does a full TD antigen B cell response look like?

A

Proliferation, differentiation, isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cells

98
Q

Where do T helper cells help B cells to activate?

A

In the secondary lymphoid organs

99
Q

What kind of cells activate helper T cells?

A

APCs

100
Q

How do helper T cells decide which B cells to activate?

A

Based on the antigen presented by the B cell

101
Q

What are the two ways T helper cells interact with B cells?

A

Through co-stimulation signals and cytokines

102
Q

How do BCR present antigen to helper T cell?

A

Using the endocytic pathway and MHC class 2

103
Q

B7 on a B cell binds to what on a T cell during co-stimulation?

A

CD28

104
Q

CD40 on a B cell binds to what on a T cell during co-stimulation?

A

CD50 ligand/CD151

105
Q

The cytokines secreted by helper T cells do what to B cells?

A

Encourage proliferation, differentiation and instruct isotype switching

Immunology (11 decks)

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