Module 2 Quiz and Chapter 3 Flashcards
How many different innate immune receptors are there?
Over 100
What are some examples of “non-self” that cellular receptors of the innate immune system can recognize?
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and infected cells
What is the function of acute phase protein C-restive protein, Mannose-binding protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein?
Pathogen recognition
What is the function of acute phase proteins complement components C3, C4, C9 and factor B?
Pathogen elimination
What is the function of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A and secreted phospholipids A2?
Inflammatory response
What is the function of fibrinogen, plasminogen and tissue plasminogen factor?
Coagulation
The process of ___ induces the proliferation of antigen specific B and T cells.
Clonal selection
The ___ region of the alpha and beta chains of the T-cell receptor (TCR) forms the antigen specific binding site, whereas the ___ region anchors the receptor on the cell surface
Variable; constant
What are three characteristics of CD molecules?
- Used to distinguish between cell types
- Are typically cell surface molecules
- May function as adhesion molecules or receptors for cellular signaling
What are four characteristics of neutrophils?
- They are the most abundant leukocyte in circulation
- They have a multi-lobed nucleus
- They are phagocytic
- They are a major component of pus
What three effector functions are associated with complement?
- Opsonization
- Activation of inflammation
- Lysis of target cells
What are three characteristics of CD8 T cells?
- They are also referred to as CD8 T cell co-receptors
- Activated CD8 T cells (CTLs) kill pathogen infected cells by inducing apoptosis
- CD8 T cells are MHC class 1-restricted
What are three characteristics of viruses?
- They are obligate intracellular pathogens
- CTL and NK cells provide protective immune effector functions
- They are generally only visible under an electron microscope
What are four components or characteristics of innate immunity?
- Activation by PAMPs
- NK cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils
- Inflammatory response
- TLRs
What are two characteristics of secondary lymphoid organs?
- Where B and T cells are activated
2. Include lymph nodes, spleen and MALT
What are three characteristics of cytokines?
- Regulate intensity, duration and characteristics of immune response
- Acts on target cells by binding to receptors
- Are proteins secreted by activated leukocytes
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
A microorganisms that normally lives in harmony with host but becomes harmful due to a change in location or a harmless environmental microbe that causes damage due to immune deficiency.
What are three differences between innate and adaptive immunity?
- Innate is quick to respond while adaptive can take days
- Innate is a fixed response while adaptive can target a wide range of pathogens
- Innate is constant throughout life and adaptive is developed over time
What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?
Primary is the first response against a new pathogen and involves clonal selection of B and T cells into effector and memory cells. The secondary response comes during additional encounters with the same pathogen and relies on clonal selection of memory cells.
What three cells carry out the effector function of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells
What do commensal organisms, the alternative pathway of complement activation and defensins have in common?
They participate in the immediate innate immune response
What facilitates the migration of neutrophils from blood to infected tissue?
Inflammatory cytokines
What is the ligand for the NOD2 receptor?
Muramyl dipeptide
What is the ligand for receptor TLR4?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
What is the lid and for receptor section-1?
Carbohydrate
What are the three ligands for receptors CR3/CR4?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- Filamentous hemagglutinin
What is the ligand for receptor NOD1
y-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid
What is the ligand for receptor TLR9?
Unmethylated CpG-rich nucleotide motif
The positive feedback loop between macrophages and dendritic cells involves secretion of ___ by macrophages and ___ by NK cells.
IL-12 by macrophages and IFN-y by NK cells
What are the systemic effects of cytokines IL-1?
- Activation of blood-vessel endothelium
- Fever
- Induction of IL-6 synthesis
- Localized tissue destruction
What are the systemic effects of cytokines IL-6?
- Fever
2. Production of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes
What are the systemic effects of CXCL8?
- Leukocyte chemotaxis
2. Activation of binding by beta 2 integrins (LFA-1 and CR3)
What are the systemic effects of IL-12?
Activation of NK cells
What are the systemic effects of cytokines TNF-alpha?
- Fever
- Increase in vascular permeability
- Septic shock
- Mobilization of metabolites
What are the systemic effects of cytokine type 1 interferons?
Induction of resistance to viral replication and activation of NK cells
What kind of cytokines do macrophages produce?
IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12, TNF-alpha
What are five characteristics of TLR-4?
- TLR-4 is a Toll-like receptor expressed by macrophages
- CD14 is a co-depressor if TLR-4
- LPS is the ligand of TLR-4
- TLR-4 is a cell surface homodimer
- TLR-4’s extracellular domain associates with soluble MD2
What are two properties of cytokines that help protect the host from their damage?
- They are short lived
2. They are isolated to infected tissue
What are the two steps needed to activate IL-1 beta?
- An active macrophage needs to assemble the precursor to caspase 1
- Caspase 1 activates the precursor to IL-1 beta
Systemic distribution of TNF-alpha in the blood may cause what?
Septic shock
