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Immunology > Module 2 Quiz and Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Module 2 Quiz and Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many different innate immune receptors are there?

A

Over 100

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2
Q

What are some examples of “non-self” that cellular receptors of the innate immune system can recognize?

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and infected cells

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3
Q

What is the function of acute phase protein C-restive protein, Mannose-binding protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein?

A

Pathogen recognition

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4
Q

What is the function of acute phase proteins complement components C3, C4, C9 and factor B?

A

Pathogen elimination

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5
Q

What is the function of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A and secreted phospholipids A2?

A

Inflammatory response

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6
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen, plasminogen and tissue plasminogen factor?

A

Coagulation

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7
Q

The process of ___ induces the proliferation of antigen specific B and T cells.

A

Clonal selection

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8
Q

The ___ region of the alpha and beta chains of the T-cell receptor (TCR) forms the antigen specific binding site, whereas the ___ region anchors the receptor on the cell surface

A

Variable; constant

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9
Q

What are three characteristics of CD molecules?

A
  1. Used to distinguish between cell types
  2. Are typically cell surface molecules
  3. May function as adhesion molecules or receptors for cellular signaling
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10
Q

What are four characteristics of neutrophils?

A
  1. They are the most abundant leukocyte in circulation
  2. They have a multi-lobed nucleus
  3. They are phagocytic
  4. They are a major component of pus
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11
Q

What three effector functions are associated with complement?

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Activation of inflammation
  3. Lysis of target cells
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12
Q

What are three characteristics of CD8 T cells?

A
  1. They are also referred to as CD8 T cell co-receptors
  2. Activated CD8 T cells (CTLs) kill pathogen infected cells by inducing apoptosis
  3. CD8 T cells are MHC class 1-restricted
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13
Q

What are three characteristics of viruses?

A
  1. They are obligate intracellular pathogens
  2. CTL and NK cells provide protective immune effector functions
  3. They are generally only visible under an electron microscope
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14
Q

What are four components or characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  1. Activation by PAMPs
  2. NK cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils
  3. Inflammatory response
  4. TLRs
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15
Q

What are two characteristics of secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Where B and T cells are activated

2. Include lymph nodes, spleen and MALT

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16
Q

What are three characteristics of cytokines?

A
  1. Regulate intensity, duration and characteristics of immune response
  2. Acts on target cells by binding to receptors
  3. Are proteins secreted by activated leukocytes
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17
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

A microorganisms that normally lives in harmony with host but becomes harmful due to a change in location or a harmless environmental microbe that causes damage due to immune deficiency.

18
Q

What are three differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Innate is quick to respond while adaptive can take days
  2. Innate is a fixed response while adaptive can target a wide range of pathogens
  3. Innate is constant throughout life and adaptive is developed over time
19
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

A

Primary is the first response against a new pathogen and involves clonal selection of B and T cells into effector and memory cells. The secondary response comes during additional encounters with the same pathogen and relies on clonal selection of memory cells.

20
Q

What three cells carry out the effector function of phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

21
Q

What do commensal organisms, the alternative pathway of complement activation and defensins have in common?

A

They participate in the immediate innate immune response

22
Q

What facilitates the migration of neutrophils from blood to infected tissue?

A

Inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

What is the ligand for the NOD2 receptor?

A

Muramyl dipeptide

24
Q

What is the ligand for receptor TLR4?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

25
Q

What is the lid and for receptor section-1?

A

Carbohydrate

26
Q

What are the three ligands for receptors CR3/CR4?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  3. Filamentous hemagglutinin
27
Q

What is the ligand for receptor NOD1

A

y-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid

28
Q

What is the ligand for receptor TLR9?

A

Unmethylated CpG-rich nucleotide motif

29
Q

The positive feedback loop between macrophages and dendritic cells involves secretion of ___ by macrophages and ___ by NK cells.

A

IL-12 by macrophages and IFN-y by NK cells

30
Q

What are the systemic effects of cytokines IL-1?

A
  1. Activation of blood-vessel endothelium
  2. Fever
  3. Induction of IL-6 synthesis
  4. Localized tissue destruction
31
Q

What are the systemic effects of cytokines IL-6?

A
  1. Fever

2. Production of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes

32
Q

What are the systemic effects of CXCL8?

A
  1. Leukocyte chemotaxis

2. Activation of binding by beta 2 integrins (LFA-1 and CR3)

33
Q

What are the systemic effects of IL-12?

A

Activation of NK cells

34
Q

What are the systemic effects of cytokines TNF-alpha?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Increase in vascular permeability
  3. Septic shock
  4. Mobilization of metabolites
35
Q

What are the systemic effects of cytokine type 1 interferons?

A

Induction of resistance to viral replication and activation of NK cells

36
Q

What kind of cytokines do macrophages produce?

A

IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12, TNF-alpha

37
Q

What are five characteristics of TLR-4?

A
  1. TLR-4 is a Toll-like receptor expressed by macrophages
  2. CD14 is a co-depressor if TLR-4
  3. LPS is the ligand of TLR-4
  4. TLR-4 is a cell surface homodimer
  5. TLR-4’s extracellular domain associates with soluble MD2
38
Q

What are two properties of cytokines that help protect the host from their damage?

A
  1. They are short lived

2. They are isolated to infected tissue

39
Q

What are the two steps needed to activate IL-1 beta?

A
  1. An active macrophage needs to assemble the precursor to caspase 1
  2. Caspase 1 activates the precursor to IL-1 beta
40
Q

Systemic distribution of TNF-alpha in the blood may cause what?

A

Septic shock

Immunology (11 decks)

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