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Immunology > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

When harmful immune responses are caused by a harmless substance

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2
Q

What is an allergen?

A

The normally harmless substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction

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3
Q

What are the four categories of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1, 2, 3 and 4

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4
Q

Which of the four hypersensitivity categories are considered immediate hypersensitivities?

A

Types 1, 2 and 3

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5
Q

Which hypersensitivity category is considered a delayed hypersensitivity?

A

Type 4

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6
Q

What kind of response is illicitly by the immediate hypersensitivity?

A

A humoral response

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7
Q

What isotype is used during a type 1 hypersensitivity response?

A

IgE

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8
Q

What isotype is used during a type 2 or 3 hypersensitivity response?

A

IgG

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9
Q

Which lymphocyte is at the heart of a delayed hypersensitivity response?

A

Effector T cells

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10
Q

Which hypersensitivity type involved Th2 which drives B cells to synthesize IgE?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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11
Q

What is the biochemical/physiological explanation for allergies?

A

There is none

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12
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are similar to the immune system’s reaction to what?

A

Helminth parasites

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13
Q

Which hypersensitivity reaction includes mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, Th2 cytokines and IgE antibodies?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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14
Q

What leads you to the activation of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils during a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

APC takes up and presents antigen peptides on MHC class 2 to CD4 T cells

Cytokines secreted by APC activate Th2

Th2 stimulate B cells to secret IgE which bind with effector cells

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15
Q

What occurs during an acute type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Histamine and TNF alpha are secreted from mast cell granules causing inflammation

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16
Q

What occurred during a chronic type 1 hypersensitivity response?

A

Cytokines and lipid mediators are made and eosinophils secrete toxins that contribute to inflammation

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17
Q

What is localized anaphylaxis?

A

Allergic reactions confined to a small region of the body

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18
Q

What is a less serious example of localized anaphylaxis?

A

Hay fever

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19
Q

What is a more serious example of localized anaphylaxis?

A

Allergic asthma

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of allergic asthma?

A

Inflammation of lungs
Increased fluid in lungs
Smooth muscle constriction

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21
Q

What is the most serious kind of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

System anaphylaxis

22
Q

What is systemic anaphylaxis?

A

Whole body inflammatory response after exposure to an allergen through the bloodstream

23
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

An allergic reaction that causes the body to fill with fluid causing death by asphyxiation

24
Q

What are the six classes of anti-inflammatory drugs?

A
  1. Anti-histamines
  2. Corticosteroids
  3. NSAIDs
  4. Cromolyn Sodium
  5. Epinephrine
  6. Anti-IgE Abs
25
Q

What are some characteristics of corticosteroids?

A

Made from natural steroids
Powerful anti-inflammatory
Hydrophobic compound enters cell to activate genes
Side effects

26
Q

What pathways do NSAID target?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

27
Q

What is hyposensitization?

A

Also known as desensitization, a series of shots with gradually increasing concentration of allergens

28
Q

How does hyposensitization cure patients?

A

By inducing the immune response to make IgG instead of IgE

29
Q

What causes allergies?

A

Genetic and environmental factors

30
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

With allergies and immunodeficiency on the ride in developed countries it is thought that a lack of exposure is the cause of the increase

31
Q

What novel therapy was inspired by the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs derived of helminthic parasites

Probiotics

32
Q

Which hypersensitivity type is associated with antibody mediated cytotoxicity?

A

Type 2

33
Q

Which hypersensitivity type is associated with IgG binding to soluble antigens forming complexes that activate complement?

A

Type 3

34
Q

What is a potential side effect of penicillin?

A

The penicillin could become covalently bound to the surface proteins on red blood cells, stimulating anti-penicillin IgG and anemia

35
Q

Which hypersensitivity type could a reaction to penicillin cause?

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

36
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity would be caused by a mismatched ABO blood transfusion?

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

37
Q

What are the symptoms associated with a mismatched blood transfusion?

A

Fever, chills, shock, kidney failure and death

38
Q

Why are mismatched blood transfusions so deadly?

A

Because the antibodies are directed against the RBC glycoproteins of non-self and results in complement mediated cytolysis of RBCs

39
Q

What is the basis of ABO blood typing?

A

The presence or absence of anti-A or anti-B antibodies

40
Q

What is the cause of type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complexes between IgG antibodies and soluble protein antigens

41
Q

How does complex size factor into a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Medium and large complexes can be cleared through the circulation while small may become stuck in the tissue

42
Q

What is serum sickness?

A

A type 3 hypersensitivity to a high dose intravenous injected drug leading to widespread reaction

43
Q

What is the clinical consequences of a type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex mediated actor complement and inflammatory response specific to where the complexes have been deposited

44
Q

How do type 4 hypersensitivity reactions differ from 1, 2 and 3?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions do not involve antibodies

45
Q

What is a DTH response?

A

A delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

46
Q

How long after exposure does a DTH reaction take?

A

1-3 days

47
Q

What are three examples of a type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

The TB test
Poison Ivy
Celiac disease

48
Q

How does a TB test work?

A

An intradermal injection of TB draws memory Th1 calls and macrophages to the area if previously exposed

49
Q

How does the reaction to poison ivy happen?

A

The chemical pentadecacatechol covalently attaches to skin cell surface proteins forming antigenic structures that are presented to CD4 and CD8 T cells

50
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

A type 4 autoimmune hypersensitivity to gluten proteins that causes small intestine inflammation due to CD4 T cell reaction to gluten

51
Q

What is the genetic component of celiac disease?

A

MHC class 2 alleles HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ2

Immunology (11 decks)

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