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CCMA > Module 8 - Microbiology > Flashcards

Module 8 - Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Thin, outermost structure of human cells. Selectively permeable

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Outermost layer of the cell that maintains the shape and protects it.
Human cells do not have a cell wall, but bacteria do (gram- vs gram+ changes how we treat the infection)

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Round structure that is inside the cell, usually near the center. Largest organelle in the cell and controls the cell’s functions. Contains chromosomes made of DNA

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4
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

AKA nuclear envelope, surrounds the nucleus and contains pores that allow larger compounds to move in and out

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The inside of the cell that contains other organelles, such as mitochondria, that perform the functions of the cells.
Components are water, proteins, ions, and nutrients

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Contributes to protein synthesis, the building of proteins from their basic components

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Provides networks of passageways for moving various substances within the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Gives the cells energy, cells might have one or more depending on how much energy that particular cell needs

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9
Q

Lysosome

A

Functions in digestion

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10
Q

Centriole

A

Cylindrical-shaped organelle that plays a role in cell-division, with each pair in the cell making sure to divide the chromosomes equally to the cells that result from the reproduction process

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Synthesizes carbohydrates and sorts the proteins the ribosome is supporting. Also has some storage functions prior to preparing some substances for removal from the cells

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12
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle in the cytoplasm that contains enzymes

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13
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail-like appendage that allows movement. Sperm cell has one

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14
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections that help move substances through various tracts and paths in the body. Some mucous membranes have cilia

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15
Q

Definition of Bacteria; overview antibiotics

A

Single-cell organism that reproduces rapidly and causes many different infections. It does not need living tissue to survive. Many different classifications depending on structure, need for oxygen, etc

Antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria, with certain bacteria needing certain types of antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistant bacteria to develop

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16
Q

Definition of Virus; overview antiviral drugs

A

Tiny micro-organism that causes many infections and diseases. Requires living tissue to survive, so technically a parasite unlike bacteria. Complex, some attack immediately while others lie dormant. Tend to mutate during replication, making immunity difficult to develop.

Some are difficult or impossible to kill with medications. Antiviral drugs have various degrees of effectives against some viruses

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17
Q

Definition of Fungus

A

Micro-organism that grows on or in animals and plants, single-cell are yeasts while multi-cell are spore-producing molds. Most do not cause disease. Diseases that do occur are usually superficial infections, unless a weakened immune system

Can be a source of antibiotics

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18
Q

Definition of Protozoa

A

Single-cell parasite that thrive in damp environments and in bodies of standing water. Replicate rapidly inside a living host

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19
Q

Adenovirus: disease and transmission method

A

Pharyngitis (sore throat); droplet or direct contact

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20
Q

Epstein-Barr: disease and transmission method

A

Mononucleosis “Mono”; contact with saliva

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21
Q

Hepatitis A: transmission method

A

fecal-oral

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22
Q

Hepatitis B: transmission method

A

bloodborne, sexual

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23
Q

Hepatitis C: transmission method

A

bloodborne

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24
Q

Herpes Simplex: disease and transmission method

A

contact with blister fluid, sexual

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25
Q

Human Immunodeficiency: disease and transmission method

A

AIDS; bloodborne, sexual

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26
Q

Human papillomavirus: disease and transmission method

A

Genital warts; sexual

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27
Q

Influenza: transmission method

A

Airborne, droplet

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28
Q

Measles: transmission method

A

Airborne, droplet

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29
Q

Molluscipoxvirus: disease and transmission method

A

Molluscum contagiosum warts; contact

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30
Q

Mumps: transmission method

A

Airborne, droplet

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31
Q

Parvovirus: disease and transmission method

A

Fifth disease; droplet, bloodborne

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32
Q

Rabies: transmission method

A

Rabies; vector (infected animal)

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33
Q

Rhinoviruses: disease and transmission method

A

Common cold; droplet, contact, fomites

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34
Q

Rotavirus: transmission method

A

Fecal-oral

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35
Q

Rubella: transmission method

A

AKA German measles; airborne, droplet

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36
Q

Varicella-zoster: disease and transmission method

A

AKA chickenpox/shingles; airborne, droplet, contact with blister fluid

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37
Q

Variola major: disease and transmission method

A

AKA smallpox; contact, fomites

38
Q

Roundworm: pathogen and transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Contact with contaminated soil

39
Q

Bed bugs: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Contact with infested bedding or furniture

40
Q

Tapeworm: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Foodborne (raw, infected fish)

41
Q

Pinworms: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Fecal-oral

42
Q

Pediculosis: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. AKA head lice. Contact with infested hair

43
Q

“Crabs”: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Pubic lice. Contact with infested pubic hair

44
Q

Scabies: transmission method

A

Multicellular Parasite. Contact

45
Q

Aspergillosis: transmission method

A

Fungus. Airborne

46
Q

Candidiasis: transmission method

A

Fungus. Overgrowth of normal flora, not usually sexual

47
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

Fungus. Contact with poultry droppings

48
Q

Ringworm

A

Fungus. Contact

49
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Fungus. Airborne

50
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Fungus. Airborne

51
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Fungus. Airborne

52
Q

Amebiasis

A

Protozoa. Fecal-oral

53
Q

Giardiasis

A

Protozoa. Fecal-oral

54
Q

Malaria

A

Protozoa. Mosquito

55
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Protozoa. Foodborne, vector(animal), transplacental (patient to fetus)

56
Q

Trichinosis

A

Protozoa. Foodborne (undercooked pork)

57
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Protozoa. Sexual

58
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacteria. Vector, contact with or eating undercooked meat from infected animals, spore inhalation

59
Q

Whooping cough

A

Bacteria. Airborne

60
Q

Lyme disease

A

Bacteria. Vector (tick)

61
Q

Food poisoning

A

Bacteria. Contaminated food and fluids

62
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacteria. Sexual

63
Q

Botulism

A

Bacteria. Foodborne

64
Q

Colitis

A

Bacteria. Fecal-oral

65
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Bacteria. Contact (wounds)

66
Q

Tetanus

A

Bacteria. Contact through a deep cut

67
Q

Diphtheria

A

Bacteria. Droplet

68
Q

Diarrhea

A

Bacteria. Foodborne

69
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacteria. Droplet

70
Q

Pneumonia

A

Bacteria. Droplet

71
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Bacteria. Fecal-oral, oral-anal

72
Q

Legionnaires’ disease

A

Bacteria. Water aerosol

73
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacteria. Droplet

74
Q

Leprosy

A

Bacteria. Airborne, droplet

75
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacteria. Airborne, droplet

76
Q

Pneumonia

A

Bacteria. Droplet

77
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Bacteria. Sexual

78
Q

Meningitis

A

Bacteria. Droplet

79
Q

“Hot tub rash”

A

Bacteria. Contaminated water

80
Q

Typhus

A

Bacteria. Vector (tick)

81
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Bacteria. Vector (tick)

82
Q

Shigellosis

A

Bacteria. Fecal-oral

83
Q

Boils, septicemia, pneumonia

A

Bacteria. Contact

84
Q

Pneumonia

A

Bacteria. Airborne, droplet, contact

85
Q

Strep throat, rheumatic fever, septicemia

A

Bacteria. Droplet

86
Q

Syphillis

A

Bacteria. Sexual

87
Q

Cholera

A

Bacteria. Fecal-oral, contaminated water

88
Q

Plague

A

Bacteria. Vector (fleas, rodents)

89
Q

Chain of infection

A

Infectious agent -> Reservoir host -> Portal of exit -> Mode of transmission -> Portal of entry -> Susceptible host

90
Q

Easiest way to break the chain of infection

A

Hand hygiene breaks the chain at the first link, infectious agent, by removing it from hands or killing it

91
Q

General conditions for pathogen growth

A

In general, moist and dark conditions.
Certain insects that carry pathogens require standing water.
Poor food safety and handling
Handling feces (daycare or health care)

CCMA (18 decks)

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