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BMA > module 8 > Flashcards

module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

The endocrine system manifests slows (mintues to hours) but lasts a long time.
it consists of a number of ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the blood.
Only interacts with target cells that have the appropriate receptors
Binding of hormones to their receipts alters the activity of target cells they act as chemical messengers.

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2
Q

what does binding of a hormone to a receptor produces one or more of the following effects

A

Alters the permeability of the plasma membrane e. Permeability to ions, nutrients and water to help maintain electrolyte, fluid, and nutrient balance of the blood.
Stimulates protein Synthese eg syntheses o protein hormones to be secreted.
Activates or deactivates enzymes within the cell eg ATP production
Increases or decrease the secretary activity of the cell eg. Stimulates hormone secrete
Stimulates cell divas and therefore regulates reproduction, growth and development

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3
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

synthesised from cholesterol, are lipid soluble and include sex hormones made by the ovaries and testes eg oestrogen and testosterone.
AND hormones produced by the adrenal cortex eg. Cortisol and aldosterone.
steroid(thyroid) hormones are lipid solubile= easily diffuse across the plasma membrane of a target cell to bind to receptors in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

what the steps of steroid hormones transport

A
  1. Steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds to an intracellualar receptor.
  2. Receptor hormone complex enter the nucleus
  3. The receptor hormone complex binds to a specific DNA region (sequence)
  4. Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
  5. The mRNA directs proteins synths
  6. The new protein alter the cells activity to cause the repose typical of the hormone.
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5
Q

whats amino acid based hormones

A

most are amino acid based
Size varies from simple amino acids to peptide to proteins
They are usually lipid insoluble (or water soluble)
They cannot diffuse cross the plasma membrane of target cell
Receptors located on the surface of the plasma membrane.

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6
Q

whats the steps of an amino acids

A
  1. Binds to receptor on plasma membrane surface
  2. Receptors activates G protein
  3. G protein activates an anzyme
  4. Enzyme catalyses a reaction to produce a 2n messenger
  5. Target response produced
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7
Q

whats the amino acid thats different

A

thyroid hormones are lipid soluble but their mechanism of action is similar to lipid soluble hormones

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8
Q

whats the three types of stimuli that control the production and secretion from endocrine glands

A

humoral stimulus
neural stimulus
hormonal stimuls

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9
Q

whats a humoral stimulus

A

hormones are secreted in response to changing levels of certain ions or nutrients in the blood.

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10
Q

whats a neural stimulus

A

hormone secretion is controlled by the nervous system.

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11
Q

whats a hormonal stimulus

A

hormones are secreted in response to hormones produced by otherendocrine glands (i.e. one hormone stimulates the secretion of another).

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12
Q

whats considerations part of the endocrine system

A

any cell or tissue the produces or secretes hormones

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13
Q

whats the major endocrine glands

A 
hypothalmus
pituirtay gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
gonads
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14
Q

whats the hypothalamus

A

produces a number of different hormones, including those that control theendocrine function of the pituitary gland

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15
Q

whats the pituitary gland

A

produces and secretes hormones that regulate the endocrine activities ofvarious organs

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16
Q

whats the pineal gland

A

produces and secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm

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17
Q

whats the thyroid gland

A

produce and secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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18
Q

whats the parathyroid gland

A

produces and secretes parathyroid hormone

Thymus - produces and secretes hormones that develop and maintain immune defences

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19
Q

whats the adrenal gland

A

produces and secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin

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20
Q

whats the pancreas

A

produces and secretesinsulin and glucagon

21
Q

whats the gonads

A

(ovaries in females, testis in males) produce the sex hormones responsible for the maturation of reproductive organs and the development of secondary sex characteristics

22
Q

whats the posterior pituritary

A

not technically an endocrine gland
Does not prouduce its own hormones but secretes those produced by the hypothalamus.
Connected to hypothalamus by a bundle of neuron axons called hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.
The cell bodies of theses neurons synthesis the hormones oxytocin and ADH, and their axons transport these hormones to the posterior piturity.
When the hypothalamic neurons are stimulated they release the stored hormones into a capillary bed within the posterior pituritary fr distribution throughout the body.

23
Q

whats the anterior pituitary

A

comprised of endocrine cells that produce and secrete a number of different hormones
Under the control of regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamus
Releasing hormones stimuluate the anterior pituitary to secrete particular hormone
Inhibiting hormones prevent the anterior pituitary from secreting a particular hormones
AWhatlso connected to hypothamus but is a vascular connection called hypophyseal portal system
The vascular connection links blood supple of the hypothalamus with that of the anterior pituitary and transports the regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamic neurons to the anterior pituitary gland

24
Q

whats the site of production
stimulus secretion
and main action of ADH

A

Site of productions: produced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituritary
Stimulus for secretion: in response to an increase in blood sodium concentration or decrease in blood volume and blood pressure
Main action: targets kidneys and increases the amount of water reabsorbed from the urine into the blood. THs decreases sodium concentration to homeostatic levels, decreases urine output and conserves body water to regulate blood volume and pressure.
casuses vasocontrition of arterioles at high concentrations

25
Q

what does hypo secretion of ADH result in

A

diabetes insipidus. Can be causes by a blow to the head that damages the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary and symptoms include extreme thirst, excessive urination .

26
Q

whats the site of production
stimulus of secretion
main action of oxycytocin

A

Site of production and secretion: Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: Oxytocin is secreted in response to the stretching of the cervix during labour, and the suckling action of the infant after birth.
Main actions: Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the ejection of milk from the mammary glands during breastfeeding.

27
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus fro secretion
main action of prolactin

A

Site of production and secretion: PRL is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretionof PRL is controlled by the hypothalamic regulating hormone, prolactin- inhibiting hormone (PIH). Low levels of PIH lead to an increase in PRL release.
Main action: PRL stimulates milk production (lactation).

28
Q

whats the site of production
stimulus for secretion
main action of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

roduced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of FSH is controlled by the hypothalamic regulating hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Main actions: ovaries= stimulates sectreion of oestrogen and follicle (oocyte) development.
testes= stimulates sperm production

29
Q

whats the site of production
stimulus for secretion
main action of Luteinising hormone (LH)

A

produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of LH is controlled by the hypothalamic regulating hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Main actions: ovaries= stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, stimulates ovulation
testes= stimulates secretion of testosterone

30
Q

whats the site of production
stimulus for secretion
main action of insulin

A

Site of production and secretion: Insulin is produced and secreted by the βcellsin the pancreas.
Stimulus for secretion: Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels increase above the normal range.
Main actions: Insulin decreases blood glucose to normal levels by stimulating target cells (i.e. most body cells) to take up glucose from the blood. It also stimulates these cells to utilise the glucose for ATP (energy) production (this process is known as glycolysis), and stimulates the liver and skeletal muscles to convert glucose to glycogen for storage (this process is known as glycogenesis).

31
Q

type 1 diabetes is caused by

A

inadequate insulin production due to the destruction of pancreaticβcells by the body’s own immune system (autoimmune disease)

32
Q

type 2 diabetes occurs when

A

cells do not respond to the insulin being produced and appear to be “insulin resistant”

33
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main action of glucagon

A

Site of production and secretion: Glucagon is produced and secreted by the a cells in the pancreas
Stimulus for secretion: Glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels decrease below the normal range.
Main actions: Glucagon increases blood glucose to normal levels. It primarily targets the liverwhere it stimulates:
the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose (this process is known as glycogenolysis)
the production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol (this process known as gluconeogenesis)
the release glucose into the bloodstream

34
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main action for growth hormone (GH)

A

Site of production and secretion: GH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretionof GH is controlled by two hormones produced bythe hypothalamus:
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) - stimulates the secretionof GH
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (Somatostatin) - inhibits the secretionof GH
Main action: As is name suggests, GH mediates the growth of a body tissues, especially skeletal muscle and bone. Growth hormone stimulates the liver, muscle and bone to produce a hormone called insulin like growth factor (IGF), which stimulates the actions required for growth, i.e. cell division, protein synthesis and the uptake of glucose from the blood to fuel the process of growth (hence the name “insulin-like”).

35
Q

what does hypo secretion or hyper secretion of GH lead to

A

The hypo-secretion of GH leads to dwarfisms and hyper-secretion leads to gigantism (in children) acromegaly (in adults).

36
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulis for secretion
main action for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)

A

Site of production and secretion: ACTH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of ACTH is controlled by the hypothalamic regulating hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
Main action: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone cortisol.

37
Q

whats the site of production and secretin
stimulus for secretion
main action for cortisol

A

Site of production and secretion: Cortisol is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of cortisol is controlled by the anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH.
Main actions: Cortisol is aglucocorticoid as it helps maintain blood glucose levelsby stimulating the liver to produce glucose from amino acids and glycerol (a process known as gluconeogenesis) when blood glucose levels are low. Cortisol also helps the body resist stress by providing the energy (glucose) required for a fight-or-flight response, and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting activities of the immune system.

38
Q

whats the HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Produces cortisol

39
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main action of aldosterone

A

Site of production and secretion: Aldosterone is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Stimulus for secretion: Aldosterone is secreted in response to an increase in blood potassium (K+) levels or the hormone angiotensin II which is produced by liver in response to a decrease in blood Na+ concentration and a decrease in blood volume/blood pressure.
Main actions: Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid as it regulates the blood concentration of certain minerals, in particular K+ and Na+. It also helps maintain blood volume andblood pressure.
Aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys where it stimulates the:
secretion of K+ from the blood into the urine, lowering blood K+ levels to homeostaticconcentrations
reabsorption of Na+ from the urine into the blood, increasing blood Na+ levels to homeostatic concentrations

40
Q

whats the site of production and secreiton
stimulus for secretion
main action for adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Site of production and secretion: Adrenalin and noradrenalin are produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla. Adrenalin accounts for approximately 80% of the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla, the rest being noradrenalin.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of adrenalinandnoradrenalin is controlled by thesympathetic divisionof the autonomic nervous system.
Main actions: Adrenal and noradrenalin bind to adrenergic receptors (aand β) on cells in various organs including the heart, lungs and blood vessels, and they enhance and prolong thefight-or-flight response (i.e. actions of the sympathetic division of the ANS). Adrenalin and noradrenalin therefore:
increase heart rate and force of contraction
dilate bronchioles to increase respiratory airflow
dilate blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles and heart
constrict blood vessels supplying the skin, digestive organs and kidneys
dilate pupils
decrease digestive and urinary functions

41
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main action of Erythropoietin (EPO) day

A

Site of production and secretion: EPO is produced and secreted by the kidneys.
Stimulus for secretion: EPO is secreted in response to a decline in the number of red blood cells circulating in the blood.
Main action: EPOsignals the bone marrow to increase the rate of red blood cell production (erythropoiesis).

42
Q

what happens when too little EPO is secreted from the kidneys

A

person may have anaemia

43
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main action for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH

A

Site of production and secretion: TSH is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of TSH is controlled by the hypothalamic regulating hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Main action: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones T3(triiodothyronine) and T4(thyroxine) - collectively called thyroid hormone (TH).

44
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main actions for the thyroid hormone (TH)

A

Site of production and secretion: T3and T4 (TH) are produced and secreted by specialised follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Stimulus for secretion: The secretion of TH is controlled by the anterior pituitary hormone, TSH.
Main actions: TH affects virtually every cell in the body and acts to:
increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) - i.e. the amount of energy required by bodycells to carry out all metabolic reaction at rest
increases body temperature - an increase in metabolism = an increase in heatproduction = an increase in body temperature
regulate tissue growth and development - in particular the nervous and musculoskeletal systems

45
Q

what does hyosecretion of TH

A

results in a low BMR, decreased body temperature, cold intoleranceand weight gain

46
Q

whats does hypersecreiton of TH

A

results in an above normal BMR, increased body temperature andweight loss

47
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main actions of calcitionin

A

Site of production and secretion: Calcitonin is produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Stimulus for secretion: Calcitonin is secreted when blood Ca2+ levels increase above the normal range.
Main action: Calcitonin stimulates the uptake of Ca2+ from the blood into bone. This decreases blood Ca2+ concentration to normal levels.

48
Q

whats the site of production and secretion
stimulus for secretion
main actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Site of production and secretion: PTH is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland. There are usually four glands, but the number does vary – as many as eight have been found in some individuals.
Describe how hormonal secretion is regulated by positive feedback using oxytocin as an example and by negative feedback using thyroid hormone as an example.
Stimulus for secretion: PTH is secreted when blood Ca2+ levels decrease below the normal range.
Main actions: PTH increases blood Ca2+concentration to normal levels by:
stimulating osteoclasts (a type of bone cell) to digest or breakdown bone andrelease Ca2+ into the blood.
increasing the reabsorption of Ca2+ at the kidneys (so that it remains in the bodyrather than being excreted in urine)
activating vitamin D (a.k.a. calcitriol) to promote the absorption of Ca2+ from the gastrointestinal tract

BMA (10 decks)

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