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BMA > model 4 > Flashcards

model 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the brain do

A

The brain:
- receives, localises and interprets sensory input
- generates the motor output that controlled the activities of muscles and glands.
responsible for emotions, behaviour, personality and memories.
Composed of interneurons and neuroglia
Requires constant supply of oxygen and glucose

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2
Q

what happens to the brain if deprivation of blood fro just a few minutes

A

irreversible damage

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3
Q

what gray matter contain in the brain

A
  • neuroglia

- cell bodies of interneurons and their dendrites (organised into nuclei)

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4
Q

whats white matter contain in the brain

A
  • neuroglia

- myelinated axons of interneurons (organised into tracts)

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5
Q

whats the three types of tracts in white matter in the brain

A

commissural tracts: conduct information between the two cerebral hemisphere eg. Corpus callous
Association tracts: conduct information between cortical areas in the same hemisphere
Projection tracts: conduct information between the cerebral cortex and lower parts of the CNS, eg thalamius, Brian stem and spinal cord.

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6
Q

whats the cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain

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7
Q

whats the structure of the cerebrum

A

divided along the midline into two cereal hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (fissure=deep groove)
Separated from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure.
Surface is convoluted
gyrus/gyri=ridges and sulcus/sulci=shallow groove OVERAL increases the surface area of the cerebellum = more neutrons

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8
Q

whats the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

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9
Q

whats the three regions of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Cerebral cortex- outer region of gray matter (contains Nuclei)
Cerebral white matter- inner region of white mater (contains tracts)
Basal nuclei- islands of grey matter deep within the white matter (contains cell bodies of interneurons)

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10
Q

whats the cerebral cortex(outer grey matter) function

A
  • receives, localises and interprets sensory input
    controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements
    Performs intellectual and language functions
    Stores and processes memories
    Responsible for our emotions, behaviour and personality
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11
Q

whats the three main functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor areas
sensory areas
association areas

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12
Q

what are the motor areas of the frontal cerebral cortex

A

located in the frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere. Brocas, frontal eye field, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex and central sulcus all involved.

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13
Q

wheres the primary motor cortex located

A

in precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe

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14
Q

what does the primary motor cortex function

A

generates the somatic motor output that stimulates voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
More region located for hands because of complex nature of its movement.

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15
Q

damage to primary motor cortex leads to

A

paralysis, loss of voluntary movements.

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16
Q

whats the function of motor association area

A

plan and coordinated voluntary motor activities

Act via the primary motor context

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17
Q

what does the frontal eye field do

A

controls voluntary eye movement

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18
Q

function of borocas area

A

controls muscles involved in speed production, usually located in the left hemisphere only,

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19
Q

damage to broca areas

A

boraca aphasia= difficulty producing words

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20
Q

function of premotor cortex

A

controls learned, skilled motor activities of a complex nature eg typing, tying a bow.

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21
Q

damage to premotor cortex

A

=loss of complex motor skills, individual movements unaffected.

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22
Q

location of sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

in the insulua, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

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23
Q

function of sensory areas

A

Allows us to becomes consciously aware of sensation originating form:
General sensory receptors for pain, temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception
Special sensory receptors for vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance.

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24
Q

location of primary somatosensory cortex

A

in the post central gyrus of each parietal lobe (behind central sulcus)

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25
Q

function of primary somatosensory cortex

A

Perceives sensations of touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature and proprioception.
Locates the origin of the stimulus (sensory input)
Specific areas receive sensory input from a specific part of the body.
A greater number of receptors means more sensory input therefore a greater number of cortex
Face, tongue, hands larger about of context because larger amount of sensation.

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26
Q

location of somatosensory association area

A

behind and receives general sensory input from, the primary somatosensory cortex

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27
Q

function of somatosensory association area

A
  • interprets incoming general sensory input and compares it to store memories of past sensory experiences so that you can recognise an object by touch alone
  • for example able to known things you feel without seeing them eg phone or keys in handbag
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28
Q

damage to somatosensory association area

A

=lose the ability to identify objects by touch alone. Would have to pick up keys, look at it to know its keys.

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29
Q

location of visual areas

A

occipital lobes

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30
Q

function of visual cortex

A

Reciecives visual input detecte by photoreceptors

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31
Q

damage to visual cortex

A

functional blindness

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32
Q

visual association area function

A

Interprets visual input, allows us to recognise what we see

Stores memories of past visual images

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33
Q

damage to visual association area

A

failure to recognise objects eg looking at a drink bottle and not knowing its a drink bottle

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34
Q

location auditory areas

A

each temporal lobe

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35
Q

function auditory cortex

A

Receives sound input detached by their cell receptors in the ear to produce and locate sounds

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36
Q

damage of auditory cortex

A

deafness

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37
Q

auditory association area function

A

Interprets auditory input, allows us to recognise spoken words and sounds eg scream, music
Stores memories of past sounds

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38
Q

damage to auditory association area

A

failure to recognise what is hear.

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39
Q

location and function of olfactory cortex

A

located in temporal lobe

Perceives different odours

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40
Q

location and function of gustatory cortex

A

located in the insult

Perceives taste sensations

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41
Q

location and function of visceral cortex

A

located insula
Perceives visceral sensations
Eg upset stomach

42
Q

location and function of vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

A

located in Insula

Awareness of balance

43
Q

location of wernickes area

A

located in left temperal lobe only

44
Q

function of wernickes area

A

Involves in language comprehension, allows us to understand written and spoken language

45
Q

damage of wernickes area

A

inability to comprehend written or spoken language

46
Q

location and function of prefrontal cortex

A

located in frontal lobe

Responsible for intelligence, personality and behaviour

47
Q

damage of prefrontal cortex

A

personality disorders

48
Q

cerebral basal nuclei function

A

-islands of grey matter
communicate with motor areas of cerebral cortex to ensure smooth skeletal muscle movements
Helps start, stop and monitory intensity of skeletal muscle activities to facilitate smooth movement.
Regulated by neurotransmitter dopamines

49
Q

loss of dopamine in cerebral basal nuclei

A

parkinsons disease

movements over controlled

50
Q

structure of cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain
Convoluted surface
Divided into two symmetrical hemispheres
Each hemisphere is subdivided into an anterior and posterior lobe and contains:
An outer context of grey matter “cerebellar cortex”
An inner white matter “arbor vitae”(means tree of life because it resembles branches of a tree)

51
Q

function of cerebellum

A

Ensures smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements, and maintains posture and balance.
Receives visual, balance and proprioceptive informality and uses this information to adjust:
Motor activities of the cerebral cortex
Muscle tone to maintain posture and balance

52
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

caused by a head injury, stroke, drugs eg. Alcohol
=loss of balance and uncoordinated movements (ataxia)
A tendency to fall, jerky and inaccurate movements, wide unsteady walking gate, slurred speech and abnormal eye movements.

53
Q

whats the diencephalon include

A

the thalmus, hypothalamus and epithalamus.

54
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex (entrance to cerebral cortex)
Sorts, groups and priorities incoming sensory input
Relays sensory input to the correct cerebral destination eg taste information to the gustatory cortex
Relays the ‘motor adjustments’ made by the basal nuclei and cerebellum to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Involved in cortical arousal(alertness), emotion and memory
part of limbic and reticular formation

55
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

small structure below the thalamus

56
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system
regulates the activities of autonomic centres in the brain stem and spinal cord, e.g. cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal centres
centre for emotional responses, e.g. fear, rage, pain, pleasure - part of the limbic system
Regulated body temperature (alerts blood flow and sweat gland activity)
Regulates water and food intake (stimulates hunger, satiety and thirst
Regulates sleep wake cycle
Produces hormones; ADH, oxytocin and regulatory hormones that control secretion of the pituitary hormones (part of endocrine system)

57
Q

location of epithalamus

A
  • most posterior proportion of the diencephalon
58
Q

function of epithalamus

A

Produces melatonin

Helps hypothalamus regulate the sleep wake cycle


59
Q

structure limbic system

A

specifics areas of the cerebrum (prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus), hypothalamus and thalamic nuclei.
Axons tracts that links regions together eg fornix connects hippocampus to hypothalamus

60
Q

function of limbic system

A

allows us to be consciously aware and control emotions
Allows us recognise emotions, express and react to emotionally to events
Links odour to emotions and memories
Involved in the formation and storage of long term memories

61
Q

structure of brain stem

A

-3 parts; mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata. Reticular formation (throughout)

62
Q

mid brain contains and function

A

contains gray matter
visual and auditory reflex centres eg. Sudden unexpected light or sound
Substantia niagria
Cranial nerve nuclei that control eye movements

63
Q

pons contains and function

A

gray matter contains:
Cranial nerve nuclei involved with taste, chewing, eye movements, hearing, balance and facial expressions via cranial nerve 5-8 (V-VIII)
Nuclei regulates breathing

64
Q

medulla oblongata contains and function

A

autonomic nuclei controlled by hypothalamus
**Cardiovascular center:
Cardioaacceleratory centre
Cardioinhibitory centre
Vasomotor center-
***Respiratory centres
Control the rate and depth breathing
Nuclei involved I reflexive actions such as vomiting, coughing, hiccuping and sneezing
Cranial nerve involved in swallowing, tongue movements and digestive functions via (IX, X and XII)

65
Q

what does the involves
Cardioaacceleratory centre
Cardioinhibitory centre
Vasomotor center-

A

Cardioaacceleratory centre- increases heart rate and force of contraction
Cardioinhibitory centre- decreases heart rate
Vasomotor center- adjusts blood vessel diameter

66
Q

function of reticular formation

A

functional systems that events through central core of brain stem ands connections with many areas
Acts as sensory filter, filters out unimportant things eg. Feeling of clothes etc.
Contains the reticular activating system, maintains cortical alertness (consciousness), inhibited by hypothalamic sleep centres(alcohol or sleeping pills)

67
Q

damage of reticular formation

A

coma

68
Q

major artier to the brain

A

Right and left internal carotid arteries (front of neck)

right and left vertebral arteries (back of neck) take blood to the brain.

69
Q

6 types of cerebral artier supply blood to cerebrum

A

anterior cerebral arteries-supply blood to the frontal & parietal (medial areas)
middle cerebral arteries-supply blood to frontal, parietal & temporal lobes (lateral areas)
posterior cerebral arteries-supply blood to temporal lobes (inferior areas) & occipital lobes

70
Q

whats does veretbral areties fuse to form

A

basil artery which divides into left and right posterior cerebral arteries.

71
Q

whats the cerebral arterial circle

A

connecting blood vessel at the base of the brain. - anterior communicating artery: connect two anterior cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries: connecting posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries.

72
Q

function of cerebral arterial circle

A

-connects anterior blood supply (left to ride side)
connects Brians anterior and posterior blood supplies (back to front)
Equalises blood pressure in the brain, makes sure the entire cerebral gets blood flow constantly.

73
Q

whats venous drainage

A 
venous blood(deoxygenated blood) drains into dural sinuses
Converage at the back of the skull to form the sigmoid sinus
From sigmoid sinus venous blood flows into internal jugular views, to superior vena cava to heart.
74
Q

causes for a stroke

A

blood clot in a cerebral artery= ischameic stroke (most common)
Ruptured blood vessels= hemorrhagic stroke

75
Q

symptoms for a stroke

A

headache, paralysis (usually face and arm), loss of vision/ blurred vision, difficulty speaking and understanding speech.
Symptoms last more than 24 hours - life.

76
Q

whats a transiet ischaemic attack TIA

A

a mini stroke

77
Q

causes of a TIA

A

blood flow to brain area is temporarily reduced or blocked- no neutrons die.

78
Q

symptoms of TIA

A

lasts less than 24 hours

Warning of impending stroke between 3 months to 5 years

79
Q

whats alzheimers disease

A

progressive degenerative disease of the brain

80
Q

causes for alzheimers disease

A

death of neurons causes brain to shrink
Particularly affects hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
Senile plaques: toxic deposits of beta amyloid Pepside from between neutrons
Tanglers- twisters fibers that interfere with transporting mechanisms within neutrons

81
Q

symptoms of alzihemers disease

A

Memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, language difficulties and personality changes.

82
Q

what is parkinsons disease

A

progressive degenerative disease of the Brian

Degeneration of dopamine

83
Q

causes of Parkinson disease

A

unknown

84
Q

symptoms of Parkinson disease

A
  • persistent tremors at rest, suffering gait difficulty swallowing and stiff facial expressions.
85
Q

whats the meninges

A

-three consecutive tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord from mechanical forces.

86
Q

whats the three layers of matter in the Brian

A

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

87
Q

whats the dura matter

A

outer most membrane
strongest and toughest of the three membranes
Attach to inner surface of the skull (periosteal layer) and covers external surface of the brain (meningeal layer).
Dural sinuses in the membrane all venous blood from the brain and direct it into jugular veins of the neck.

88
Q

whats the arachnoid mater

A

middle membrane

89
Q

whats the pia matter

A

inner most membrane

90
Q

whats cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

A

clear colourless liquid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord

91
Q

function of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

A

a shock absorb medium to protect the brain from mechanical forces and floats the brain within the cranial cavity.
Therefore reduceng weight of the brain by 97% and prevents lower prt of the brain being crushed by weight.
Acts as a diffusion medium for exchange of nutrients waste products between blood and neural tissue.

92
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced

A

within the ventricles by a structure called choroid plexus.
Choroid plexus surrounded by ependymal cells
These cells allow selected substances to be filtered from the blood plasma to produce CFS.

93
Q

steps of cerebrospinal fluid after produced by chord plexus

A

Move through the ventricles
Enters subarachnoid space of the meninges and central canal of the spinal
flows through the subarachnoid space and central canal
is absorbed into the dural sinuses via the arachnoid villi.

94
Q

whats hydrocephalus

A

If the normal circulation or absorption of CFS is obstructed (by a tumor, brain heamorrhage, inflammation) then CF accumulated within and builds pressure on the brain. Condition known as Hydrocephalus or “water on the brain”

95
Q

hydocephalus babies vs adults

A

okay in newborns as it just causes the head to enlarge as bones of the skull have not fused yet.
In adults condition is life threatening, the brain will eventually crush and damage delicate neural tissue of the brain and compress blood vessels reducing blood flow.

96
Q

symptoms of hydrocephalus

A

sleepiness, neural dysfunction, or stroke due to impaired blood flow.

97
Q

what occurs if excess fluid not removed wiht hydrocephalus

A

not removed eventually brain stem through the large foramagnum known as coning. ALWAYS RESULTS IN DEATH.

98
Q

treatment for hydrocephalus

A

inserting a shunt into ventricles to drain the excess fluid into a vein in the neck or abdominal cavity.

99
Q

whats the blood barrier and its function

A

protects internal threats such as pathogens to the neural tissue of the brain.
It is a selective barrier; permeable to lipid-soluble compounds such as oxygen, co2, lipids and alcohol, permeable to nutrients such as glues and essential amino acids and impermeable to wastes, proteins, toxins, drugs and antibiotics.

100
Q

places in the brain that does not have a blood barrier

A

pineal gland: secret hormones in to blood circulation
Posterior lobe
Vomiting centre of medulla oblongata: blood from poisonous substances and initialises vomiting to remove toxic substance
Hypothalamus: regulate body temperature and sample chemical composition of the blood.

101
Q

space between the arachnoid matter and pia matter

A

subarachnoidspace

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