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BMA > model 3 > Flashcards

model 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the nervous system maintain homeostasis

A

Sensory function- receives sensory input.
Integrative function-analyses and interprets sensory input, determines appropriate responses, generates the motor output that causes the response.
Motor function- issues motor output to activate an effector to bring about a response.

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2
Q

whats Thermoreceptors-

A

detect temperature stimuli

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3
Q

whats noicreceptors

A

detect painful stimuli

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4
Q

whats Mechanoreceptors

A

tactile receptors, detect tough, pressure and vibration

  • baroreceptors, detect changes in blood pressure
  • propioceptors, detect changes in body position eg arms and legs
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5
Q

where are thermoreceptors, noicreceptors and mechanoreceptors located

A

kin, muscles, tendons, joints and visceral organs.

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6
Q

whats photoreceptors

A

detect light (vision)

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7
Q

whats chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in solution (taste and smell)

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8
Q

whats mechanoreceptors

A

called hair cell receptors in the ear- detect hearing and balance stimuli

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9
Q

where are photoreceptors, chemoreceptors and mechanorecptors found

A

eyes, ears, mouth and nose

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10
Q

what does the central nervous system do

A

Performs integrative function of the nervous system:
analyses/interprets sensory input
Determines appropriate responses
Generates motor output
Controls emotions, behaviours and personality
Performs intellectual functions
Stores memories

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11
Q

what nervous does the peripheral nervous system include

A
  • cranial nerves, brain and branch to form the structures of the head, neck, Thorax and abdomen. Eg
  • spinal nerves- extend from spinal cord branch to form peripheral nerves blow the head.
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12
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

consists of sensory receptors and the cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves that link body to CNS.

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13
Q

what can the peripheral nervous system be divided into

A

sensory division and motor division

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14
Q

whats the sensory division

A

conveys sensory input from receptors to the CNS.

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15
Q

whats the motor division

A

conveys motor output from the CNS to a muscle or gland

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16
Q

what can the motor division be divided into

A

autonomic nervous system

somatic nervous system

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17
Q

whats the somatic nervous system

A

-conveys somatic motor output from CNS to skeletal muscles.
-includes voluntary skeletal muscle movements (consious)
controls somatic reflex which is involuntary

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18
Q

whats the autonomic nervous system

A
  • autonomic motor output to the body glands, cardiac and smooth muscles.
  • controls involuntary (automatic) activities.
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19
Q

what can the autonomic nervous system be divided into

A

sympathetic divison

parasympathetic divison

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20
Q

whats the sympathetic division

A
  • prepares body for action
  • controls flight/fight/freeze response
  • increased heart rate, dilated pupils, inhibits digestive functions(salivation) and inhibits urinates.
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21
Q

whats the parasympathetic division

A
  • controls rest and digest activities, conserves energy

- stimuliates digestion, decreases heart rat, constricts pupils

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22
Q

what does neural tissue of two main types of cells

A
  • neuroglia

- neurons

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23
Q

whats neuroglia

A

(nerve glue) support neuron development and function

6 different types: collectivity nourish, protect, insulate and structurally support neurons

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24
Q

example of neuroglia inPNS

A

schwan cells

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25
Q

example of neuroglia in CNS

A

ependymal cells

oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

whats neurons

A

generate action potentials and grade potentially to conduct sensory or motor information to another part of the body.
Require oxygen and glucose for survival
Unable to divide and replace themselves especially in CNS

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27
Q

function of dendrites

A

main receptive region of a neutron, convert information into an electrical signal called graded potential (electrical signal) carries info to soma.

28
Q

function of soma

A

contains nucleus and organelles, integration region in a neuron, analyses information and conveys outgoing information.

29
Q

whats nuclei

A

culsters of cell bodies and their dendrites form integration enters in the CNS.

30
Q

whats ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

31
Q

function axon

A

conducting region, generates action potential to carry information from cell body to axon terminals.

32
Q

whats nerves

A

bundles of axon bound together by a membrane in PNS

33
Q

whats tracts

A

bundles of axon bound together by a membrane in CNS

34
Q

function myelin sheath

A

increases speed of signal conduction, segments between the gaps are called nodes of ranvier. Destruction= multiple sclerosis.

35
Q

function of axon terminals

A

release neurotransmitters into the shapes that carry information from a neuron to another cell eg a neuron, muscle, gland

36
Q

what can neutrons be structurally classified as

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

37
Q

whats a multipolar neutron

A

common in CNS and PNS (has many dendrites)

38
Q

whats bipolar neuron

A

rare, has dendrites either end (special sense organs) (found in eyes and ears)

39
Q

whats unipolar neuron

A

common in PNS

40
Q

how can neutrons be functionally classified

A

sensory neurons
internerons
motor neurons

41
Q

whats a sensory neuron

A

are unipolar in structure

  • dendrites are sensory receptors
  • call body located in ganglion
  • axon located in nerve.
42
Q

whats interneuron

A

mainly multipolar in structure

  • cell body located in uncles
  • axon located in a tract.
43
Q

what motor neuron

A

lower motor neurone conduct somatic motor output

  • preganglionic and postganglionic neutrons conduct autonomic motor output
  • mainly multipolar in structure
  • cell body located in nucleus
  • axon located in a nerve
44
Q

whats the charge of the external and internal surface of a plasma membrane

A

External surface=positive charge

-Internal surface=negative charge

45
Q

whats membrane potential

A

The potential energy separating these charges between positive and negative

46
Q

when do changes in the membrane potential occur

A
  • ions(sodium and potassium) flow through specific ion channels across the plasma membrane.
  • membrane potential changes
  • a neuron generate electrical signals
47
Q

or a resting neuron to generate an electrical signal their plasma membrane must:

A
  • Exhibit a resting membrane potential

- contain ion channels which allow specific ions to diffuse down the concentration gradient.

48
Q

whats types of ion channels

A

Leakage channels-always open

Gated channels-open and close in repose to a specific stimulus, large number of ions released.

49
Q

whats types of gated channels

A

chemically gated channels
mechanically gated channels
voltage gated channels

50
Q

whats chemically gated channels

A
  • open in response to a chemical stimulus binds to it eg. Neurotransmitter and pain
    located on dendrites
51
Q

whats mechanically gated channels

A
  • open in response to mechanical stimulation eg. Touch, vibration and pressure.
  • located on dendrites.
52
Q

whats voltage gated channels

A
  • open and close in response to voltage changes eg. Changes in membrane potential
  • located on axon and axon terminals
53
Q

whats depolarisation

A

a decrease in the membrane potential eg membrane potential becomes less negative. Moves from -70 towards 0.

  • if influx of sodium ions into the ICF (gains more positive charged ions)
  • interior becomes less negative therefore membrane potential becomes less negative.
54
Q

whats hyperpolarisation

A

an increasing membrane potential eg. The membrane potential becomes more negative. Mores from -70 towards -100

  • if efflux of potassium ions out of ICF. (loses more positive changed ions)
  • interior becomes more negative therefore membrane potential becomes more negative.
55
Q

whats a graded potential

A
  • short distance electric signals or short lived
  • originate in dendrites, when a stimulus opens chemically-gated or mechanically-gated channels.
  • small changes in the membrane potential (small depolarisation or hyperpolaristation)
56
Q

if a stimulus is strong enough, a graded potential can

A
  • travel from the dendrites to the region of the axon initial segment.
  • depolarise the membrane potential at initial segment to -55 mV=threshold
  • stimulate voltage-gated sodium channels open
  • generate an action potential
57
Q

whats action potentials

A
  • normal way neurones send signals over a long distance
  • long distance electrical signals
  • originate at initial segment of an axon when voltage-gated channels open
  • changes in membrane potential are always the same regardless of stimulus strength
  • self propagating-once initiated, a wave of action potentials will travel along the entire axon to the axon terminals.
  • if threshold isn’t reached then no action potential will be made.
58
Q

generation of action potential steps

A
  1. Resting state- all gated sodium and potassium channels are closed. Only leakage channels are open
  2. Depolarisation- sodium channels open, which opens more and more, axon interior(membrane potential) becomes less negative. Eg. -70 to +30
  3. Repolaristation- sodium channels are inactivating and potassium channels open, axon interior returns for +30 to -70.
  4. Hyperpolarization- membrane potential becomes more negative. Eg. -70 to-90
    sodium postasium ATPase and leakage channels make membrane potential return back to -70,
  5. resting state- now ready to fire another action potential.
59
Q

whats the two modes of propogation of action potential

A

continuous conduction

saltatory conduction

60
Q

whats continuous conduction

A

occurs in unmyelinated axons, a wave of action potentials are generated at the voltage gated channels along the length of the axon, conduction occurs at speeds. Very slow conduction.

61
Q

whats saltatory conduction

A
  • occurs in myelinated axons
  • fast mode conduction.
  • action potential only generated along node of ranvier therefore jumps down the neuron.
62
Q

factors that impair the generation or propogation of an action potential

A

Local aesthetics stop pain sensations by blocking voltage gated sod channels.
-no action potentials=no conduction of pain signals=no sensation of pain

Cold and pressure reduce pain sensations by impairing signal conduction. Pain signals conducted at a slower rate.

63
Q

steps that occur at chemical synapse

A

Action potential arrives at and depolarises axon terminal
Depolarisation of axon terminal stimulates voltage-gated calcium channels to open and claim enter the axon terminal
Calcium entry triggers synaptic vesicles to releases stored neurotransmitters into the the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to chemically gated ion channels(receptors) on the postsynaptic membrane.
Binding of neurotransmitter opens chemically gated ion channels, influx of sodium ions into ICF, plasma membrane of dendrites depolarises, graded potential known as excitatory potential is produced.
Excitatory potential depolarises initial segment to threshold voltage gated sodium channels open= action potential generated.

64
Q

how is a neurotranmitter removed from cleft after information is transferred

A

Neurotransmitter diffuses away from the synaptic cleft.
The neurotransmitter is degraded by enzymes present in the synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitter reenters the axon terms and destroyed by enzymes or reused. Process known as reuptake.

65
Q

what does a unipolar neurone look like

A

cell body in middle with both ends having dendrites

BMA (10 decks)

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