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BMA > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

whats a plasma membrane

A

Thins and flexible boundary between intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

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2
Q

what does selectively permeable mean

A

a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others.

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3
Q

whats a plasma membrane composed of

A

phospholipids
integral proteins
peripheral proteins

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4
Q

whats phospholipid and whats repelled or not by it

A

hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails Lipid soluble substances= water insoluble substance, not repelled by the lipid core of plasma membrane.
Lipid insoles substance=water soluble substance, repelled by the lipid core of plasma membrane

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5
Q

whats integral proteins

A

embedded within the lipid bilayer and span entire membrane. Act as carriers or channels for transport of substances that cannot pass through the membrane.

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6
Q

whats peripheral proteins

A

not embedded in the bilayer, attached closely to integral proteins. Act as cell membrane support.

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7
Q

whats passive transport

A
  • requires no energy
    substances move down a concentration gradient.
    Eg simple and facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.
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8
Q

whats activity transport

A
  • requires energy (ATP)
  • substance move up concentration gradient.
    eg. Active transport.
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9
Q

whats simple diffusion and examples of molecules

A

movement of substances down a concentration gradient. Lipid soluble substances. eg. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, steroid hormones and alcohol.

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10
Q

whats facilitated diffusion and examples of molecules

A

movement of substances down a concentration gradient using a carrier or channel protein. Lipid insoluble or large substances. eg. Glucose using carrier proteins.

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11
Q

whats osmosis and examples of molecules

A

the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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12
Q

whats tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to affect the shape of a cell by altering the cells internal water volume.

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13
Q

whats an isotonic solution

A

has same concentration as the cell: cause no change in cell shape or volume. Maintain homeostasis of cell.

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14
Q

whats a hypertonic solution

A

has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell(lower amount of water than cell): causes cells in a hypertonic solution to lose water and therefor shrink.

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15
Q

whats a hypotonic solution

A

has lower concentration of solutes than the cell(higher amount of water than cell): causes cell to gain water and swell, cells can burst or lyse.

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16
Q

whats active transport

A

movement of substance from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration, requires ATP, uses carrier proteins.
Eg. Sodium potassium ATPase pump, moves potassium inside against gradient etc.

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17
Q

whats potential energy

A

energy that is stored ready to be released and used to do work. Eg when magnets are kept apart there is potential energy.
ions are atoms that have an overall electric charge.

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18
Q

whats resting membrane potential(membrane potential)

A

potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating oppositely charged ions of A RESTING CELL.

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19
Q

how is resting membrane potential generated

A

by difference in sodium and potassium ion concentrations between the ECF and ICF.

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20
Q

whats the concentration of sodium and potassium ion in and outside the cell

A

ECF: higher concentration of sodium ions compared to ICF (overall positive)
ICF: higher concentration of potassium ions compared to ECF (overl negative).

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21
Q

how is resting membrane potential maintained

A

by active transport of ions using carrier proteins.

- interior of plasma membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive

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22
Q

functions of the cytoplasm

A

cellular material between plasma membrane and the nucleus.

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23
Q

function of nucleus

A

control centre, contains deoxyribonucleic acid. All mature cells contain a nucleus except for red blood cells which eject the nucleus beefier entering the blood stream and there for can not reproduce.

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24
Q

function of ribosomes

A

ite of protein synthesis.
Two types;
free ribosomes: floating in cytosol- produce proteins for use inside cell.
Membrane bound ribosomes: attach to endoplasmic reticulum- proteins for export.

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25
Q

function of rough Er

A

contains ribosomes, proteins produced are modified to a 3 dimensional shape and packaged into vesicles. Vesicles sent to Golgi apparatus. Liver cells have larger amount of rough ER as they produce lots of protein.

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26
Q

function of smooth er

A

no ribosomes attached, synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones, involved in detoxification and storing of calcium ions. Important for muscle cells in muscle contraction. Also testes would have large amounts for steroid based hormones.

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27
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacks of flattened sacs. Functions include; modify, concentrate and packages proteins and lipids, form vesicles and distributes them. Large numbers in cells that secrete protein eg. Salivary glands and pancreas.

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28
Q

function of mitochondria

A

function in cellular respiration, releases energy in the form of ATP. Highly active cell skeletal muscle cell high demand of energy= high number of mitochondria in the cell.

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29
Q

function of lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes called lysosomal enzymes. Function of the enzymes dispose of invading bacteria and debris, recycle molecules that have been broken down. Eg white blood cell (macrophages) have high numbers of lysosomes.

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30
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

act as cells bones, muscle and ligaments. Structural support, directional movement through the cell and movement of the cell.

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31
Q

three types of cytoskeletons and function

A

Microfilaments- thinnest of cytoskeleton. Made up of protein called actin that contracts for the for cell movement. Physical support, resists cell compression and overall shape of the cell. Muscle cells.
Intermediate filaments- middle size, involving resisting pulling forces on cell. Tough protein fibres, high tensile strength.
Microbtubules- largest of cytoskeleton, maintain cell shape and distribution of cellular organisms.

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32
Q

whats the four major types of tissues

A

muscle tissues
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissues

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33
Q

what are muscle tissue

A

composed of muscle cells that contain proteins specialised for contraction allowing movement.

34
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
smooth muscles

35
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

voluntary( under conscious control) muscles composed of muscle cells packaged in connective tissue sheets that attach to bone, muscle or skin. When skeletal muscles contract it causes body movements.

36
Q

what are cardiac muscles

A

only found in the heart and contract involuntary to help move blood through the body.

37
Q

what are smooth muscles

A

found in the walls of hallow organs and blood vessels. These are involuntary. Contract to squeeze substances through these organs by alternately contracting and relaxing.

38
Q

whats epithelial tissue

A

forms the lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body. Any surface exposed to external environment is covered by epithelium forming the outer layer of skin and lines internal body cavities and organs.

39
Q

layers of epithelial tissue

A

Named by the layers of cells, thinest epithelia is most absorbent, secretion and filtration. Eg found in wall of air sacks of lungs.
Stratified(thick) epithermia impotent for protection found of the surface of skin.

40
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection- protects underlying tissues from abraision, dehydration and damage. Proveded by a continuous sheet of epithelial cells preventing any unwanted movement of substances across the tissue. Eg bacteria on the outside of skin cannot gain entry to body.
Secretion- epithelial tissue can be modified into glandular tissue that secrete hormones, sweat, mucus and digestive juices.
Absorption- Epithelial can include carrier protein on the plasma membrane to regulate absorption of material. Eg absorbing nutrients from digestive trace into the bloodstream.
Excretion- sweat glands excrete nitrogenous waste.
Filtration- epithelial tissue makes up filtration membrane of kidneys and filters blood to remove waste products that are excreted in urine.
Sensory reception- provides a source of information about the environment to the CNS.

41
Q

whats connective tissue

A

the most diverse tissue type.

42
Q

whats the four main types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
blood

43
Q

whats connective tissue proper tissue

A

divided into lose and dense based on amount of fibres found in the ECM. Lose serves as a resivor for slats and water. Dense has a high tensile strength and forms tendons to attach muscles to bone. CT proper includes adipose tissue which contains adipocytes which store fats and acts as shock absorbers and insulator.

44
Q

whats cartliage

A

contains 3 types; healne, elastic and fibro cartilage. It does not contain blood vessels and lack nerves and if injured heals very slowly.

45
Q

whats blood

A

develops from the same embryonic tissue as other CT types.

46
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

Bind- connecting muscles to bones, bones to bones, muscle to muscle and epithelial tissue to the underlying tissue.
Support- CT proper, cartilage and bone can withstand tension from many directions and proveds structural support.
Protection- bones and adipose tissue provide protection for underlying soft tissues or organs.
Insulate- adipose tissues insulates against heat loss to external environment.
Transport- blood transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and other substances throughout the body.

47
Q

whats the two layers of skin

A

epidermis

dermis

48
Q

whats epidermis

A

-outer later:
-is avascular (lacks blood vessels)
dynamic steady state, cells constantly dying and being shed from surface with dead cells being replaced with new cells which originate from stem cells.
Epidermis is replaced every 25-45 days.
Cells move from deepest layer of epidermis to top layer, they flatten, produce large amounts of Keratin(waterproof protein) and eventually die.

49
Q

layers of epidermis

A

Deepest strata called Stratum Basle( where stem cells are found):
Most superficial layer called Stratum Corneum: dead keratinised flattened cells, eg. Dandruff. Is a protective barrier from abrasion, dehydration and penetration.

50
Q

whats dermis

A

-deep supporting layer of connective tissue:
-cells including fibroblasts that produce collagen and elastic fibres providing strength and flexibility, and macrophages.
contains; blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors, glands and hair follicles.
Blood and oxygen diffuses into the epidermis.

51
Q

how does the skin have blood supply

A

-capillary network in hypodermis, capillary loops projecting through the dermis, amount of blood regulated by constricting of pre capillary sphincters. Eg. Temperature control.

52
Q

skin nerve supply

A

dense network of nerves. Controls; blood flow, glandular secretion and collecting sensory information.

53
Q

functions of the skin

A 
protection
sensations
metabolic function
blood reservior
excretion
temperature regulation
54
Q

how does the skin protect

A

skin protects underlying tissues from damage.
CHEMICAL BARRIER:
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL BARRIER
BIOLOGICAL BARRIER

55
Q

how is skin a chemical barrier

A
  • Low pH secretions (acid mantle) prevents bacteria from multiplying.
  • Defensins (natural antibiotic) secreted by skin cells to kill bacteria.
  • melanin protects DNA from UV damage.
56
Q

how is skin a physical/mechanical barrier

A

-Keratin and oily secretions block most water and water soluble substances from leaving or entering the body.
some penetration of skin by lipid soluble substances eg nitroglycerine, medicine patch on skin.

57
Q

how is skin a biological barrier

A

-macrophages engulf viruses and bacteria that penetrate the epidermis.

58
Q

how is skin function sensation

A 
skin has 3 types of receptors
pain receptors (nociceptors)
Temperature receptors (thermoreceptors)
Touch, press and vibration receptor (mechanoreceptors)
59
Q

how is skin metabolic function

A

synthesis of vitamin D.

60
Q

how is skin blood reservoir

A

can hold up to 5% of body blood volume

61
Q

how does skin excretion

A

nitrogenous wastes and salt are excreted in sweat.

62
Q

how does skin regulate temperature

A

hermoreceptors tell CNS in terms of skin temperature. When you have a fever the Brian changes the receptors. Thermoregulatory centre. Temperature goes up making fight pathogen and prevent from multiplying.

63
Q

how does skin age

A

When ageing skin becomes thin, stem cells produce less number of cells, but abrasion remains same pass.
Less cologne and elastin results in wrinkles.

64
Q

what protects skin from sun

A

Melanin produced by melanocytes, sits on top of skin and form a pigment shelf for DNA. Provents Melintons. Sun nights melanin makes skin warm and when exposed to uv. Doesn’t increase until 10 days, why people get burnt at start of summer.

65
Q

whats another name for skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

66
Q

whats the first stage of tissue repair

A

Inflammation and formation of blood clot
damaged blood vessels release inflammatory chemicals
Plasma fluid released to area
Macrophages
Clotting proteins, minimises blood loss, hold would together to prevent invasion of more pathogens
Clot surface dries to form a scab

67
Q

whats the second stage if tissue repair

A

Formation of granulation tissue:
-blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue
capillaries: restore blood supply with oxygen and nutrients
Fibroblast: produce collagen fibers that bridge gap
Macrophages
Surface stem cells multiply and replace skin under scab

68
Q

whats the third stage of tissue repair

A

Regeneration and fibrosis:

  • if stem cells present divide and grow under scab to replace and regenerate skin=scab falls off
  • collagen fibres mature and contract= forming scar tissue.
69
Q

skin damage due to burns

A

may lead to tissue damage, denatured proteins and cell death.
Loss of skin function
Immediate threat results from fluid loss= dehydration, electrolyte imbalance then renal shutdown and circulatory shock.
Infection via bacteria etc.

70
Q

whats the burn classification

A

1st degree= epidermis
2nd degree=epidermis and part of dermis
3rd degree= entire thickness of skin, needs to be replaced by skin graft, no epidermis stem cells left.

71
Q

which cation is the cell membrane more permeable to

A

potassium

72
Q

what voltage exists across the membrane of a resting neutron

A

-70

73
Q

what occurs natural across the membrane

A

2 sodium in cell

3 potassium out cell

74
Q

what does the sodium potassium atpase pump due to maintain resting potential

A

3 sodium out cell

2 potassium in cell

75
Q

whats the function of new cappillaries in skin repair

A

restore blood supply bring oxygen/nutrients

76
Q

whats the function of fibroblasts in skin repair

A

produce collagen (bridge the gap)

77
Q

whats the role of macrophages in. skin repair

A

destroy bacteria

78
Q

what needs to be present for epidermis to regenerate itself and where are they found

A

epidermal stem cells found in stratum basal

79
Q

what happens to tissue that is repair by fibros

A

does not have same function, is scar tissue

80
Q

why are serious burn life threatening

A

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
circulatory shock
reneal shutdown, kidney failure.

BMA (10 decks)

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