Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMA > module 6 > Flashcards

module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Prepares the body for heightened activity.
Involved in flight or flight
increases cardiovascular and respiratory activity:
Shuts blood to skeletal muscle and heart
Reduces blood flow to nonessential organs
Dilates bronchioles
causes liver to release glucose
Increases sweat gland activity
Dilates pupil (to allow distance vision)
Decreases digestive functions and urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

stimulates abdominal visceral activity, conserves energy=rest and digest
Directs digestions, diuresis/micturition, defecation
Decreases cardiovascular and respiratory activity
Constricts pupils (to allow near vision)
Eg, relaxing and reading after a meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in what ways are the somatic and autonomic nervous system different

A

Neural (efferent) pathways
Effectors
Organ response
Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

whats the somatic nervous system do

A

Conducts motor impulses from primary motor cortex to skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what motor pathways does the somatic nervous system involve

A

upper motor neurons

Lower motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

whats somatic output control

A 
voluntary movement
Somatic reflexes (involuntary movement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

whats the automomic nervous system do

A
  • Conducts motor impulses from hypothalamus to cardiac and smooth muscle and glands.
  • May involves brain steam nuclei (medulla oblongata)
  • Influences by cerebral cortex and limbic system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what motor pathways does the autonomic nervous system include

A

CNS interneuron
Pre ganglionic neuron
Post ganglionic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what autonomic output controls

A

involuntary activities
visceral organ function
Glandular activity
Visceral reflexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

whats the somatic motor pathway

A

Efforts (skeletal muscle) innervated by a LMN that exits the CNS via a:
Spinal nerve: LMN cell body located in a motor nucleus of anterior grey horn, Axon exits the spinal cord via a ventral root of a spinal nerve
Cranial nerves: LMN cell body located in a brainstem nucleus
LMN heavily myeilated
LMN releases acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse with the effector
ACh= always excitatory, resulting in a skeletal muscle contradicti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whats the preganglionic neuron autonomic motor pathway

A

cell body in CNS- motor nueclei in brain stem or lateral gray matter (parasympathetic) of spinal cord, or lateral gray horn (sympathetic) of spinal cord.
Lightly myelinated axon exits CNS via a cranial or spinal nerve and synapses with postganglionic neuron in a ganglion
Releases ACh, always excitatory (always results in an action potential in postganglionic neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats the post ganglionic neuron autonomie motor pathway

A

cell body located in a ganglion (near CNS or near effector)
Unmyelinated axon exits the ganglion to innervate the effector
Neurtranimiters release:
Sympathetic neurons eg noradrenalin
Parasympic neurons eg achtocholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

similarities of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

serve many of the same organs
Preganglionic neurons: thing, lightly myelinated, release ACh
Postganglionic neurons: unmylinated
Presence of ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

both divisions do not innervate all organs
Site of exit from the CNS
Length of the axons
Location of the ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

whats the parasympathetic division also called

A

cranioscaral division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whats the parasympathetic division neurons

A

Preganglionic neurons arise from opposite ends of the CNS; brain and sacral region of spinal cord
Ganglia located close to or within target organ
Preganglionic axon=long
postganglionic= short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whats the parasympathetic cranial pathway

A

Pregangionic axons leave motor nuclei of brain stem via cranial nerves
CN III=oculmotor nerve, controls diameter of pupil
CN VII= facial verve, salivary, nasal and lacrimal glands, tears
**CN X= viragos nerve, neck, thoracic and abdominal visceral organs. ONLY one that extends from the neck region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

whats the parasympathetic scram pathway

A

Preganglionic neuons:
cell body in motor nuclei of lateral gray matter(not horns)
Axon exists via ventral root of the spinal nerves associated with the sacral spinal cord.
Postganglionic neurons innervate:
pelvic organs (balddre, reproductive organs)
Distal portion of large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

whats the sympathetic division also called

A

thoracolumbar division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

whats the neurons in the sympathetic division

A 
All preganglionic fibres arise within spinal cord segments T1 to L2.
Exist spinal cord via spinal nerves
Ganglia located close to spinal cord
Preganglionic axon= short
Postganglionic axon= long
21
Q

whats the sympathetic trunk

A

chain of 23 ganglia connected by fibres to form sympathetic trunk, flanks both sides of the vertebral column, extends from neck to pelvis

22
Q

wheres the adrenal medulla located

A

inner region of the adrenal gland

23
Q

whats the adrenal medulla part in the sympathetic response

A

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres:
Synapse with endocrine cells within the adrenal medulla
Release ACh which stimulate these endocrine cells to secrete adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) to interstitial fluid to the blood. **ONCE IN BLOODSTREAM the neurotransmitters are known as hormones
A and NA move through vassal system —-> effect any cell bearing receipts for these hormones
** therefore enhances and prolongs the sympathetic response

24
Q

whats the visceral reflexes

A

automatic motor response to a stimulus to act to preserve homeostasis
Reflex may be facilitated or inhibited by higher centres (eg hypothalamus)
EXAMPLES:
Baroreceptor reflex, controls blood pressure
Pupillary (consensual light) reflex

25
Q

whats the steps of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESPS)

A
  1. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.
  2. Opens gated ion channels
  3. Graded depolarisation
  4. Postsynaptic membrane is closer to threshold and thus trigger an action potential
    = excitatory postsynaptic potential.
    (brings it closer to threshold therefore bringing it closer to action potential and therefore making it more likely to reach action potential.
26
Q

whats the steps of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A
  1. Neurtoranmittter binds receptors onpostsynaptic membrane
  2. Open gated ion channels
  3. Graded hyperpolarisation
  4. Postsynaptic membrane is further from threshold
    = inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
    (moves further away from threshold therefore further away from action potential and therefore making it less likely for an action potential to occur.
27
Q

what do EPSP and IPSP result from

A

the opening of different gated ion channels upon neurotransmitter binding.

28
Q

anything involved in acetylcholine is called a

A

cholingeric something. Eg cholinergic neuron, receptors, synapse etc.

29
Q

whats anything involved in noradrenaline or adrenaline called

A

adrenergic something eg. (adrenergic receptors, adgrengic synapse)

30
Q

whats a cholinergic receptors

A

receptors that bind ACh

31
Q

whats two types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nictontic cholinergic receptos- always excitatory (causes EPSP), located all ANS postganglionic neurons, skeletal muscles.
Muscarinic cholingeric receptors- excitatory (causes EPSP) or inhibitory (causes IPSP), located all parasympathetic target organs.

32
Q

whats an adrenergic receptors

A

receptors that bind NA or A

33
Q

whats an agonists do

A

mimic the action of the neurotransmitter

34
Q

whats an antagonist do

A

bind the receptors and block the action of the neurotransmitter

35
Q

whats acetylcholine do

A

-Skeletal muscle control (motor control outside CNS)
within the CNS secreted in the cerebral cortex (cognitioin), hippocampus (memory) and brainstem (consciousness).
Low levels of ACh in Alzheimers patients, drug that inhibits breakdown of ACH help.

36
Q

whats the main categories of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
neuropeptides

37
Q

whats examples of biogenic amines

A

NA, dopamine and serotonin

38
Q

whats biogenic amines

A

emotional behaviour
Imbalances associated with mental illness
Regulate biological clock

39
Q

whats noradrenalin involved in

A

reward and pleasure
low level associated with depression
Involved in stress and attention
Release enhanced by amphetamines, DANGEROUS the longer you take them the less you make of your own.

40
Q

whats dopamine involved in

A 
Stimulates reward and pleasure
Role in motivation for reward behaviour
Release enhanced by amptheamines
Reuptake blocked by cocaine
High levels associated with schizophrenia
Deficient in Parkinsons disease.
41
Q

whats serotonin involved in

A

Mood regulation, sleep, appetite
deficit association with depression
Blocking reuptake relieves anxiety and depression
Acitivtyenhaced by ecstasy or dark chocolate
Increases feelings of confidence, does damage neurons and impairs cognition.

42
Q

whats examples of Amino acids

A

GABA and gluatamate

43
Q

whats GABA involved in

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
Help regulate sleep/wakefulness
Involved in motor control
Inhibitory effects increased by alcohol, impaired motor coordination
GABA blockers induce convulsions (rapid, repeated muscle contraction and relaxation)

44
Q

whats glutamate involved in

A

cant cross blood brain barrier
Common in food
Involved in learning and memory
Excessive release, excitotoxicity (kills surrounding neurons) dying neurons release glutamate with kill surrounding neurons eg alzheimers disease

45
Q

whats examples of neuropeptides

A

substance P and endorphins

46
Q

whats substance P

A

produced by damaged tissue
Stimulates nociceptors (pain receptors)
Mediates pain transmission to the CNS

47
Q

whats endorphins

A

induces endorphines (brain) and enkephalins (spinal cord)
Inhibits perception of pain in the CNS (protective response)
Natural opiates- chemically similar to morphine (agonist) 


48
Q

whats the difference between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic diviosn

A

sympathetic- pre=short post=long

parasympathetic pre=long post=short

BMA (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions