Module 1 Flashcards
what is anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to on another
what is physiology
he study of the function of the body, including how body parts work to sustain life.
Requirers knowledge of anatomy
whats the level of human structure simplest to most complex
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organism level
what does the chemical level include
Molecules and macromolecules form organelles, the components of a cell.
whats a cell
specialised to carry out specific functions eg nerve cells, red blood cells, muscle cells and epithelial cells.
whats the tissue level
Groups of similar cells that have a common function group together to form tissues.
includes epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue.
whats the four basic types of human tissues and. what they do
Epithelial- covers body surface
Connective- supports and protects the body’s organs
Muscle- provides movement
Nervous tissue- provides rapid internal communication through electrical impulses.
whats the organ level
An organ is a structure composed of at least two tissue types that preforms a specific function for the body.
whats the organ system level
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose creates an organ system.
there are 11 organ systems
what are the 11 organ systems
integumentary system skeletal system muscular system nervous system endocrine system cardiovascular system lymphatic system respiratory system digestive system urinary system male reproductive system female reproductive system
whats the functions and components of the integumentary system
forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Involves skin, hair and nails.
whats the functions and components of the skeletal system
protects and supports the body’s organs and also provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Includes joints and bones.
whats the functions and components of the muscular system
allows manipulation of the environment and facial expressions. Includes skeletal muscles.
which systems are involved in support and movement
integumentary system
skeletal system
muscular system
whats the functions and components of the nervous system
a fast acting control system of the body allows it to respond to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
whats the functions and components of the endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones which control growth, reproduction and metabolism. Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, pineal gland, pituitary gland and testes.
which systems are involved with control and regulation
nervous system
endocrine system
whats the functions and components of the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood around the body which carries oxygen, co2, nutrients and wastes. Includes the heart and blood vessels.
whats the functions and components of the lymphatic system
Involved in the immune response. Includes thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen and lymph nodes and red bone marrow
which systems are involved in fluids, transport and defence
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
whats the functions and components of the respiratory system
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes co2. Includes nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lung and bronchus
whats the functions and components of the digestive system
breaks down food enables cells to absorb nutrients, ingestible food are eliminated in feces.
whats the functions and components of the urinary system
eliminates wastes from the body, regulates water and acid/base balance in blood.
which systems are involved in environmental exchange
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary
whats the organism level
This level represents the sum total of all other levels working together to keep us alive.
whats the 8 life function that living things preform are
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth.
whats the 5 survival needs
Nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.
define functional integreation
All of the systems work together for the body to function fluently and maintain life functions.
whats an atom
Particles that makes up elements are atoms.
whats the different types of chemical reactions
synthesis reaction (anabolic) decomposition reaction (catabolic) exchange reaction
whats the synthesis reaction (anabolic)
small to big, atoms or molecules bond together to form more complex molecules.
whats the decomposition reaction (catabolic)
big to small to produce energy, chemical bonds are broken to form smaller molecules. eg breaking down glycogen for energy into glucose.
whats the exchange. reaction
bonds are both made and broken, same things are rearranged ATP to ADP.
whats a cation and examples
positive charge atom or molecule. Eg hydrogen and sodium
whats a anions and examples
negative charge atom or molecule eg chlorine
whats an electrolyte
Charged ions in a solution that conduct an electrical current.
Electrolytes are essential for normal body function.
whats the different groups of electrolytes and whats the difference
salts
acids- contain more hydrogen ions the more it has the more acidic the substance becomes.
bases- contain ions that can bind hydrogen ions
what does the pH scale measure
whats below and above 7
number of h ions in solution acidic to basic.
Below 7ph= more hydrogen ions meaning more acidic eg. Ph scale of 2(lemon) contains more hydrogen ions then ph scale of 5(coffee)
Above 7 PH=more base ions than hydrogen ions more basic
what are living cells very sensitive to
changes in pH
whats two types of molecules
Organic- contain carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic- doesn’t contain both eg. Water or carbon dioxide.
whats the four classes of organic macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
whats examples of carbohydrates, function and category
includes sugars and starches.
Major function provides energy for cell functions
monosaccharides is a simples sugar(monomer) eg. Glucose
Disaccharides- 2 monomers eg. sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides-many monomers joined eg glycogen.
whats the three main types of lipids
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids
whats triglycerides
natural fats occur as solid or liquid. Contains 3 fatty acid chains and glycol. Lipids are hydrophobic. Function: long term energy storage.
whats phospholipids
hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head, from a cell membrane.
whats steroids
formed from cholesterol functions in sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones (cortisol and aldosterone), Vitamin D and bile.
whats prostaglandins
role in blood clotting and pain sensitisation, inflammation, urine contractions.
whats subcutaneous fat
protects from mechanical trauma.
what proportion does proteins make up of cells
10-30%
whats types of proteins
fibrous proteins
globular proteins
whats are fibrous proteins and examples
extended, major building material in the body and provide tensile strength.
Eg structural proteins-collagen found in connective tissue for strength and keratin found in hair and nails and elastin provides flexibility of tendons.
Movement proteins actin and myosin involved in movement of the body.
whats globular proteins and examples
compact and spherical. eg. enzymes, transport substances within the blood, regulation of PH, regulating metabolism and defence against pathogens eg. antibodies.
whats the protein structure
made of amino acids. The protein structure is created by the sequence, shape and bonds of the amino acids.
what can a change in shape cause fro a protein
lter or destroy function making it become denatured.
Therefore can no longer preform their function.
what leads to proteins becoming denatured
Decrease in pH (more acidic) or increase in temperature lead to denature.
Minor denature is reversible.
More significant denature is permanent.
whats a nucleic acid and examples
Largest molecules in the body and very complex.
DNA, RNA and ATP.
whats the goal of homeostasis
is to control the internal environment (the composition of EFC).
what needs to be controlled intracellular fluid
Gases, nutrients, acid base balance, temperature and waste products.
define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the internal environment
whats the steps of homeostasis
involves the Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control centre(brain), efferent pathway, effector and response.
whats negative feedback and an example
when a variable moves towards the limits or outside the range the response brings back into the normal homeostatic range and then the response turns off. Eg too hot makes colder by sweating once back into normal range turn sweating off.
whats positive feedback and an example
the response enhances/ accelerates the stimulus, keeping it outside the normal range until the activity has been completed. Eg contractions during childbirth.
How do negative and positive feedback affect the conditions in the internal environment?
Negative feedback keeps the conditions within the narrow range.
Positive feedback keeps conditions Outside the narrow range until a process is complete
Why are most feedback systems in our body negative rather than positive?
Cells do not function properly or survive in conditions outside of that narrow range.
whats the nervous system
very quick system. Helps maintain homeostasis by preventing tissue damage.
whats the endocrine system
longer acting response, using chemical messengers called hormones. Can affect a much wider target range then the Nervous system.
whats similarities between endocrine and nervous system
both are cellular communication
both produce stimulus response
whats differences between endocrine and nervous system
-electrical vs chemical
-speed and duration of the responses, rapid and short vs slower and longer term
range of targets (specific vs widespread)
whats blood composed
1% buffer coat-Platelets are fragments of cells and leukocytes
55% of blood is plasma, which is 90% water
45% of blood is erythrocytes, red blood cells
whats the benefit of red blood cells shape
The disk shape helps Increase in surface area helps collect more oxygen, able to bend and flex and stack for maximum space.
whats the function of red blood cells
respiratory gas transport
whats a red blood cell unable to do and issue with this
unable to prepare itself when damaged, must be a balance between the dying and new.
what does too many and too few red blood cells mean
Too many RBC= increase blood pressure
Too few RBC= cells being denurished of oxygen.
types of white blood cells (leukocytes) and function
neutrophills and monocytes: phagoctyes- engulf and destroy damaged, dead or invaders. Increase shows bacterial infection
-Lymphocytes- crucial to specify immunity
Functions of blood
Distribution-oxygen and oxygen, metabloic waste, nutrients, electrolytes and hormones.
Regulation-controls the interstitial fluid, pH, fluid volume in circulatory system and body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat.
Protection- infection control and prevention of blood loss.
how does blood protect
platelts and plasma proteins cause clots to prevent blood loss and infection.
-blood clotting- injury occurs to vessel, detected by receptors on platelets, activated platelets release chemicals that attract and activate more platelets, seal blood vessel, sealed.
whats a erythrocyte
red blood cell
whats haemoglobin
oxygen transporting protein found inside erythrocytes
whats variable in the extracellular fluid that are under homeostatic regulation
hormones, proteins, nutrients, waste products, electrolytes (ions), pH, water levels, temperature, respiratory gases(O and CO2)
