Module 7.2 Flashcards
associated with stress and anxiety, may result in headache, fatigue, poor circulation, or poor sleep patterns
Abnormal breathing patterns
the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion
maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 MAX)
what are the two respiratory passages?
conducting airways
respiratory airways
where air travel through before entering the respiratory airways
conducting airways
collect the channel air coming from conducting airway
respiratory airways
3.5 ml x kg x min = 1 metabolic equivalent (MET) is what kind of formula?
resting oxygen consumption
cardiorespiratory exercise help decreases…
resting HR, cholesterol, blood pressure, and the risks of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity and diabetes.
study of energy in the human body
bioenergetic
a process of which nutrients are acquired, transported, used and disposed of by the body
metabolism
what is the ultimate source of energy
SUN
what are the main sources of chemical energy?
carbs
fats
protein
what does food have to be broken down before it used as energy?
substrates
the material or substance on which an enzyme acts
substrates
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
what are carbs when they are broken down?
glucose, a simple sugar
requires oxygen is known as
aerobic
requires no oxygen is known as
anaerobic
energy storage and transfer unit within cells
ATP
where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake
Anaerobic threshold
elevation of metabolism after exercise
Excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)
what are the 3 types of the energy systems?
ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Oxidative System
what is the benefit of using fat as energy?
an inexhaustible supply of fat for prolonged exercise.
what is the substrate of fats?
triglycerides
ATP - PC energy system
anaerobic
high intensity
10-15 secs
ex. sprints, low reps, high loads
Glycolysis system
anaerobic
breakdown of glucose
mod-to high intensity
30-50 secs
ex, typical fitness workouts of 8-12 reps
Oxidative system
uses the aid of oxygen to generate ATP.
Aerobic glycolysis -> Krebs cycle -> Electron transport chain
Long term energy
1 min-2 mins
what is the process called when protein becomes the main source of fuel?
gluconeogenesis
what are the two acids built up in the glycolysis system?
lactic acid (anaerobic) pyruvic acid (aerobic)
fat produces more ATP but uses MORE oxygen than carbs T/F
TRUE
Using oxygen takes longer to generate ATP than without oxygen T/F
TRUE
breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids to convert FFA into Acyl-COA, which are available to enter the Krebs Cycle & lead to the production of additional ATP.
B-Oxidation
the ability to recover quickly
paramount
a respiratory quotient of 1.0 indicates what?
Carbs are supplying the fuel
a respiratory quotient of .7 indicates what?
fat is supplying the fuel
a respiratory quotient of .7-1.0 indicates what?
a mixture of both carbs and fat as the fuel source
protein cannot be used as energy until it..
turns into glucose through the glucogenesis process
what is the energy system we used for sustain exercise and at rest?
oxidative system
high intensity/sprint uses….
anaerobic (ATP-PC/Glycolysis)
walk/steady state
aerobic (oxidative)
science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the body
biomechanics
influence applied by one object to another accelerates or decelerates the second object.
Force
a force that produces rotation
Torque
the closer the load to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates (T/F)
True - bent arm is easier than straight arm.
rigid ‘bar’ that rotates around a stationary fulcrum
Lever
Bones are LEVER
What are the three classes of the Lever?
1st fulcrum (rest) in the middle
2nd resistance in the middle
3rd effort in the middle (most common on human limbs)
1st class lever example
nodding head (rest in the middle)
2nd class lever example
calf raise
push up
3rd class lever example
bicep curl (most common in human limbs)
the study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement & to better predict performance in athletic events
biomechanics
above the point of reference
superior
below the point of reference
inferior
positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
proximal
positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of reference
distal
the front of the body
anterior
the back of the body
posterior
farther from the middle of the body
lateral
closer to the middle of the body
medial
on the opposite side of the body
contralateral
on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
list the anatomic location
superior inferior proximal distal medial lateral contralateral Ipsilateral
what are the plane of motion?
sagittal
frontal
transverse
Frontal plane consists of what type of motions
side to side
abduction/adduction
inversion/eversion
lateral flexion (spine bends one side to another)
sagittal plane consists of what type of motions?
flexion/extension
up and down
transverse plane consists of what type of motion?
Rotation
horizontal ab/adduction
horizontal flexion/extension
supination/pronation
examples of front plane exercises
side lateral raises, side lunge, side shuffle
examples of sagittal plane exercises
bicep curls, tricep push down, squats
examples of transverse plane
throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation
arms are on the side with the palm faced forward. Terms such as anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, ab/adduction apply to the body with it is in this position
anatomic position
what axis is frontal plane in?
coronal
what axis is sagittal plane in?
anterior-posterior
what axis is transverse plane in?
longitudinal
bending movement; decrease relative angle between segments
flexion
straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments
extension
extension of the ankle
plantar flexion
flexion of the ankle
dorsi flexion
movement in the frontal plane away from the middle
abduction
movement in the frontal plane towards the middle
adduction
transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral
horizontal abduction
what is an example of horizontal abduction?
chest flies, push ups, chest presses
OR when hips are flexed at a 90 degree. Ex. seated hip abduction/adduction
transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior
horizional adduction
rotation toward the middle of the body
internal rotation
rotation away from the middle of the body
external rotation
what are the scapular motions?
retraction
protraction
depression
elevation
what is the motion of scapula retraction
adduction - towards the midline
what is the motion of scapula protraction?
abduction - away from the midline
what is motion of scapula depression
inferior
what is the motion of scapula elevation?
superior
what are the three types of muscle actions?
isotonic
isometric
isokinetic
isotonic includes…
eccentric and concentric
the negative/deceleration & acceleration
isometrics includes…
the stabilizing portion (the pauses)
isotonic =
constant muscle tension
isometric =
constant muscle length
isokinetic =
constant velocity (speed) of motion
what happens to myosin and actin during the eccentric phase?
they are pulled apart from each other - allow the muscles to be at its resting length
what happens to myosin and actin during the concentric phase?
they overlap each other (cross-bridges) the sliding filament theory.
force is produced, muscle tension is developed & movement occur through a given ROM
isotonic
when the muscle is exerting force equals to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
isometric
when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM
isokinetic
where is isokinetic used?
mainly on machines and limited to rehab labs only.
moving in the opposite direction of force accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens
concentric
muscle develops tension while lengthening, decelerates forces
eccentric
a muscular force equal resistive force stabilizes forces; no change in muscle length
isometric
as the velocity of contraction increases, concentric force decreases, and eccentric force increases.
force-velocity curve.
resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length
length-tension relationship
muscles working together to produce movement
force-couple relationship
what is on the x and y-axis for the force-velocity curve?
velocity (X)
force (Y)
ability to produce and reduce force and stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion
neuromuscular efficiency
alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows the center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
structural efficiency
soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Davis Law
joint motion is caused by…
muscles pulling ON the bones. Muscles cannot actively push
what are the three pillars of motor behavior?
motor control
motor learning
motor development
motor response to internal and external stimuli
motor behavior
how the CNS integrates sensory info with previous experience
motor control
integration of motor control process through practice, leading to a relatively permanent change to produce skilled movement
motor learning
the change in motor skill behavior overtime throughout the lifespan
motor development
cooperation of the nervous and muscular systems in gathering and interpreting information and executing the movement
sensorimotor integration
group of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement
muscle synergies
cumulative sensory input from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
proprioception
force reduction and deceleration is part of..
eccentric
force production and acceleration is part of
concentric
what type of training is eccentric movement important in?
hypertrophy
maximal strength
what type of training is concentric movement important in?
power production
use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the HMS in motor learning
feedback
internal feedback
sensory info used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
external feedback
information provided by some external source (fitness professional, recording, mirror) to supplement the internal environment.
knowledge of results
used after completion of movements to be informed on outcome
get the client involved after each rep or set
knowledge of performance
info about the quality of the movement
get the client involved with her sensory process
