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Module 7 Flashcards

2,3,4,5

1
Q

what are the 3 systems of the human body?

A

nervous system
skeletal system
muscular system

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2
Q

a conglomeration (group) of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network with the human body

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

name the two types of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

what are the three primary functions of the nervous system?

A

sensory - sense an internal and external change
integrative - analyze and interpret info
motor - muscles contracting, changing the walking patterns

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5
Q

what are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

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6
Q

what are afferent neurons?

A

muscle to brain

sensory neurons that carry the message from the muscles to the brain when sensing a response to touch, sound, light

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7
Q

what are efferent neurons?

A

brain to muscle

when the neuron sends the message from the brain to the muscle to perform a function

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8
Q

transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

inter-neurons

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9
Q

CNS

A

Consist of the spinal cord and the brain. Main function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body.

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10
Q

PNS

A

nerves that spread throughout the body to help and connects the CNS to the rest of the body (external environment, etc)

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11
Q

what are the nerves in the PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the peirpheral nervous system?

A

somatic & autonomic

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13
Q

somatic nervous system

A

responsible for the voluntary control movements (skeletal movements)

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for the involuntary system of the body (heart, digestive system, etc)

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15
Q

what is the two subdivision of the automatic nervous system?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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16
Q

serve to increase the level of the activation response preparation for activity

A

sympathetic

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17
Q

serve to decrease the level of activation during rest &; recovery

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure). Sensing distortion in the body tissue.

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19
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to pain

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20
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical interaction (smell & taste)

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21
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light (vision)

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22
Q

provides the shape & form for our bodies to support, protect and allow body movement producing blood for the body and storing minerals

A

the skeletal system

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23
Q

what are the 3 things the skeletal system is affected by?

A

posture
physical activity
nutrition status

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24
Q

surrounding a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, deceleration of the joint.

A

joint receptors

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25
where are mechanoreceptors located?
muscles (muscle spindles), tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors.
26
what are the two skeletal division?
axial | appendicular
27
the axial division consists of
skull, ribcage, vertebral column
28
the appendicular division consists of
upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle
29
how many bones are in the body?
206 bones
30
the resorption of bones, resorption & formation (follow the lines of stress placed on the body)
Remodeling of bones
31
bone formation
osteoblasts
32
bone is broken down
osteoclasts
33
what are the types of bones?
``` long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones sesamatoid bones ```
34
long bones
long cylindrical body, ensure strength and stiffness - | ex. clavicle, femur, humerus, tibia, fibula
35
short bones
similar in length and width- for example, carparls of hands, tarsals on feet.
36
irregular bones
unique and function - vertebrae
37
flat bones
thin, protective - ex scapula, patella
38
sesamatoid bones
small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule OR found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint. ex. patella.
39
flatten or indented portions of a bone, can be muscle attachment sites
depression - | ex. shoulder blades
40
projection protruding from a bone, muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
process | ex. veterbrae, femur, shoulder joint
41
connects bone to bone, little blood supply and slow to heal
ligaments
42
connects muscles to bones to produce force
tendons
43
no joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage, little to no movement
non-synovial joints
44
held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement
synovial joints
45
what are the major type of movements for joints?
roll slide spin
46
hinge joints
elbows, ankles, sagittal plane movement | flexion and extension
47
ball & socket
shoulders, hips, most mobile, all three planes of motion
48
pivot
think of pronation/supination - one plane of movement ex. forearm
49
condyloid/elliptical
movement occurs in one plane (flexion/extension), adduction/abduction and circumduction with limit transverse plane. ex. radius and carpals in the joints
50
saddle
straddling like a rider ex. joint in the thumb.
51
cervical nerves
C1-C8 (first part) | support the head
52
thoracic nerves
T1-T12 (move with the ribs)
53
lumbar nerves
L1-L5 (supports the body's weight) | most common for back pain
54
Sacral nerves
S1-S5
55
what is at the bottom of the spinal column?
coccyx or tailbone
56
the best method to strengthen bones
weight-bearing exercise
57
thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the sarcomere
sliding filament theory
58
type 1 muscle fiber
slow-twitch, smaller in size, fatigue slower, more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin stabilization
59
type 2 muscle fibers
fast-twitch, larger in size, produce maximal tension, fatigue quickly. fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin power
60
the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
fascia
61
bundles of individual muscle fibers
fascicles
62
what is the layer of the muscles from outer to inner?
epimysium perimysium endomysium muscle fiber
63
contraction of a muscle generated by a neural stimulation
neural activation
64
chemical messengers that transport impulses from the nerve to muscles
neurotransmitter
65
one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
motor unit
66
act as a prime mover
agonist
67
assist prime movers
synergist
68
muscle support or stabilize
stabilizer
69
opposite action of the prime mover
antagonist
70
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the chest press?
pec major anterior deltolds, triceps rotator cuffs posterior deltolds
71
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the overhead press?
deltoids triceps rotator cuffs lats dorsi
72
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the row?
lats dorsi biceps/posterior deltoids rotator cuff pec major
73
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the squat?
glute max, quads hamstrings transverse abdominals psoas
74
system of glands, secrets hormones to regulate bodily function
endocrine system
75
responsible for male sex traits
testosterone
76
influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, thighs and responsible for female sex traits
estrogen
77
anabolic hormone, responsible for the growth up until puberty
growth hormone
78
regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body
insulin
79
what does the thyroid do?
regulate the rate of metabolism | growth rate
80
which glands respond to stress and adrenaline?
adrenal glands
81
which organ controls/regulate blood glucose?
The pancreas by pumping two hormones, insulin and glucagon.
82
what is called when glucose is stored in the liver & muscles?
glycogen
83
regulate energy & glucose metabolism in the body cells, reducing blood sugar
insulin
84
liver, muscles and fat tissues take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles (T/F)
TRUE
85
raise blood glucose levels by triggering the RELEASE of glycogen stores from liver. Stimulate liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release in the bloodstream to the cells
glucagon.
86
does insulin level decrease or increase during physical activity?
decrease
87
does glucagon secretion decrease or increase during physical activity
increase
88
the fight or flight response
catecholamine (adrenal glands)
89
anabolic vs catabolic
``` anabolic = build-up of tissue catabolic = break down of tissue ```
90
testosterone and growth hormone increase after strength training and vig. aerobic exercises (T/F)
TRUE
91
growth hormone is located in...
hypothalamus
92
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
cardiorespiratory systems
93
heart, blood, and blood vessels
cardiovascular systems
94
shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscles, involuntary
cardiac muscles
95
Smaller, superior chambers of the heart, recieve blood from veins!
Atria
96
Right atrium
gather deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body.
97
Left atrium
gather oxygenated blood from the lungs
98
SA node (Sinoatrial)
located in the right Atrium, initiate impulse for heart rate, known as the pacemaker for the heart.
99
what are the 3 functions of blood?
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones Regulate temperature, PH Protect clotting, immunity.
100
carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
101
carry blood back to the heart
Veins
102
small branches of arteries, end in capillaries
Arterioles
103
smallest blood vessels, site of gas, chemical and water exchange
Capillaries
104
larger, inferior chambers of the heart, pump blood out
Ventricles
105
right ventricles
pump deoxygenated blood to the body
106
left ventricles
pump oxygenated blood to the body
107
very small veins, connect capillaries to large veins
venules
108
Mediastinum
the space in the chest between the lungs that contain all internal organs of the chest except the lungs
109
the right side of the heart is also known as the
pulmonic side
110
the left side of the heart is known as the
systemic
111
what does deoxygenated mean?
more carbon dioxide than oxygen.
112
has thin walls | pumps short distance to the lungs
right ventricle
113
has thick walls | pumps to the rest of the body
left ventricle
114
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
stroke volume
115
how do you get the stroke volume?
end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume | before contract) - (volume of blood after ejection
116
what is the cardiac output formula?
HR x stroke volume = overall performance of the heart | volume of blood pumped per min.
117
whats the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
118
contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs
inspiration
119
relaxing inspiratory muscles, contracting expiratory muscles to move air out
expiration
120
what are the primary muscles for inspiration muscles?
the diaphragm, external intercostal
121
what are the secondary muscles for inspiration muscles?
scalene, pect major, sternocleidomastoid
122
what are the muscles for expiratory muscles?
internal intercostal, abdominals

NASM (15 decks)

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