Module 7 Flashcards
2,3,4,5
what are the 3 systems of the human body?
nervous system
skeletal system
muscular system
a conglomeration (group) of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network with the human body
the nervous system
name the two types of the nervous system?
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what are the three primary functions of the nervous system?
sensory - sense an internal and external change
integrative - analyze and interpret info
motor - muscles contracting, changing the walking patterns
what are the three main parts of a neuron?
cell body
axon
dendrites
what are afferent neurons?
muscle to brain
sensory neurons that carry the message from the muscles to the brain when sensing a response to touch, sound, light
what are efferent neurons?
brain to muscle
when the neuron sends the message from the brain to the muscle to perform a function
transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
inter-neurons
CNS
Consist of the spinal cord and the brain. Main function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body.
PNS
nerves that spread throughout the body to help and connects the CNS to the rest of the body (external environment, etc)
what are the nerves in the PNS?
cranial and spinal nerves
what are the two subdivisions of the peirpheral nervous system?
somatic & autonomic
somatic nervous system
responsible for the voluntary control movements (skeletal movements)
autonomic nervous system
responsible for the involuntary system of the body (heart, digestive system, etc)
what is the two subdivision of the automatic nervous system?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
serve to increase the level of the activation response preparation for activity
sympathetic
serve to decrease the level of activation during rest &; recovery
parasympathetic
mechanoreceptor
respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure). Sensing distortion in the body tissue.
nociceptors
respond to pain
chemoreceptors
respond to chemical interaction (smell & taste)
photoreceptors
respond to light (vision)
provides the shape & form for our bodies to support, protect and allow body movement producing blood for the body and storing minerals
the skeletal system
what are the 3 things the skeletal system is affected by?
posture
physical activity
nutrition status
surrounding a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, deceleration of the joint.
joint receptors
where are mechanoreceptors located?
muscles (muscle spindles), tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors.
what are the two skeletal division?
axial
appendicular
the axial division consists of
skull, ribcage, vertebral column
the appendicular division consists of
upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle
how many bones are in the body?
206 bones
the resorption of bones, resorption & formation (follow the lines of stress placed on the body)
Remodeling of bones
bone formation
osteoblasts
bone is broken down
osteoclasts
what are the types of bones?
long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones sesamatoid bones
long bones
long cylindrical body, ensure strength and stiffness -
ex. clavicle, femur, humerus, tibia, fibula
short bones
similar in length and width- for example, carparls of hands, tarsals on feet.
irregular bones
unique and function - vertebrae
flat bones
thin, protective - ex scapula, patella
sesamatoid bones
small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule OR found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint.
ex. patella.
flatten or indented portions of a bone, can be muscle attachment sites
depression -
ex. shoulder blades
projection protruding from a bone, muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
process
ex. veterbrae, femur, shoulder joint
connects bone to bone, little blood supply and slow to heal
ligaments
connects muscles to bones to produce force
tendons
no joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage, little to no movement
non-synovial joints
held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement
synovial joints
what are the major type of movements for joints?
roll
slide
spin
hinge joints
elbows, ankles, sagittal plane movement
flexion and extension
ball & socket
shoulders, hips, most mobile, all three planes of motion
pivot
think of pronation/supination - one plane of movement
ex. forearm
condyloid/elliptical
movement occurs in one plane (flexion/extension), adduction/abduction and circumduction with limit transverse plane.
ex. radius and carpals in the joints
saddle
straddling like a rider
ex. joint in the thumb.
cervical nerves
C1-C8 (first part)
support the head
thoracic nerves
T1-T12 (move with the ribs)
lumbar nerves
L1-L5 (supports the body’s weight)
most common for back pain
Sacral nerves
S1-S5
what is at the bottom of the spinal column?
coccyx or tailbone
the best method to strengthen bones
weight-bearing exercise
thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the sarcomere
sliding filament theory
type 1 muscle fiber
slow-twitch, smaller in size, fatigue slower,
more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
stabilization
type 2 muscle fibers
fast-twitch, larger in size, produce maximal tension, fatigue quickly.
fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
power
the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
fascia
bundles of individual muscle fibers
fascicles
what is the layer of the muscles from outer to inner?
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
muscle fiber
contraction of a muscle generated by a neural stimulation
neural activation
chemical messengers that transport impulses from the nerve to muscles
neurotransmitter
one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
motor unit
act as a prime mover
agonist
assist prime movers
synergist
muscle support or stabilize
stabilizer
opposite action of the prime mover
antagonist
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the chest press?
pec major
anterior deltolds, triceps
rotator cuffs
posterior deltolds
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the overhead press?
deltoids
triceps
rotator cuffs
lats dorsi
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the row?
lats dorsi
biceps/posterior deltoids
rotator cuff
pec major
what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the squat?
glute max, quads
hamstrings
transverse abdominals
psoas
system of glands, secrets hormones to regulate bodily function
endocrine system
responsible for male sex traits
testosterone
influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, thighs and responsible for female sex traits
estrogen
anabolic hormone, responsible for the growth up until puberty
growth hormone
regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body
insulin
what does the thyroid do?
regulate the rate of metabolism
growth rate
which glands respond to stress and adrenaline?
adrenal glands
which organ controls/regulate blood glucose?
The pancreas by pumping two hormones, insulin and glucagon.
what is called when glucose is stored in the liver & muscles?
glycogen
regulate energy & glucose metabolism in the body cells, reducing blood sugar
insulin
liver, muscles and fat tissues take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles (T/F)
TRUE
raise blood glucose levels by triggering the RELEASE of glycogen stores from liver. Stimulate liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release in the bloodstream to the cells
glucagon.
does insulin level decrease or increase during physical activity?
decrease
does glucagon secretion decrease or increase during physical activity
increase
the fight or flight response
catecholamine (adrenal glands)
anabolic vs catabolic
anabolic = build-up of tissue catabolic = break down of tissue
testosterone and growth hormone increase after strength training and vig. aerobic exercises (T/F)
TRUE
growth hormone is located in…
hypothalamus
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
cardiorespiratory systems
heart, blood, and blood vessels
cardiovascular systems
shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscles, involuntary
cardiac muscles
Smaller, superior chambers of the heart, recieve blood from veins!
Atria
Right atrium
gather deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body.
Left atrium
gather oxygenated blood from the lungs
SA node (Sinoatrial)
located in the right Atrium, initiate impulse for heart rate, known as the pacemaker for the heart.
what are the 3 functions of blood?
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
Regulate temperature, PH
Protect clotting, immunity.
carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
carry blood back to the heart
Veins
small branches of arteries, end in capillaries
Arterioles
smallest blood vessels, site of gas, chemical and water exchange
Capillaries
larger, inferior chambers of the heart, pump blood out
Ventricles
right ventricles
pump deoxygenated blood to the body
left ventricles
pump oxygenated blood to the body
very small veins, connect capillaries to large veins
venules
Mediastinum
the space in the chest between the lungs that contain all internal organs of the chest except the lungs
the right side of the heart is also known as the
pulmonic side
the left side of the heart is known as the
systemic
what does deoxygenated mean?
more carbon dioxide than oxygen.
has thin walls
pumps short distance to the lungs
right ventricle
has thick walls
pumps to the rest of the body
left ventricle
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
stroke volume
how do you get the stroke volume?
end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume
before contract) - (volume of blood after ejection
what is the cardiac output formula?
HR x stroke volume = overall performance of the heart
volume of blood pumped per min.
whats the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs
inspiration
relaxing inspiratory muscles, contracting expiratory muscles to move air out
expiration
what are the primary muscles for inspiration muscles?
the diaphragm, external intercostal
what are the secondary muscles for inspiration muscles?
scalene, pect major, sternocleidomastoid
what are the muscles for expiratory muscles?
internal intercostal, abdominals
