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NASM > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

2,3,4,5

1
Q

what are the 3 systems of the human body?

A

nervous system
skeletal system
muscular system

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2
Q

a conglomeration (group) of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network with the human body

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

name the two types of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

what are the three primary functions of the nervous system?

A

sensory - sense an internal and external change
integrative - analyze and interpret info
motor - muscles contracting, changing the walking patterns

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5
Q

what are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

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6
Q

what are afferent neurons?

A

muscle to brain

sensory neurons that carry the message from the muscles to the brain when sensing a response to touch, sound, light

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7
Q

what are efferent neurons?

A

brain to muscle

when the neuron sends the message from the brain to the muscle to perform a function

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8
Q

transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

inter-neurons

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9
Q

CNS

A

Consist of the spinal cord and the brain. Main function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body.

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10
Q

PNS

A

nerves that spread throughout the body to help and connects the CNS to the rest of the body (external environment, etc)

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11
Q

what are the nerves in the PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the peirpheral nervous system?

A

somatic & autonomic

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13
Q

somatic nervous system

A

responsible for the voluntary control movements (skeletal movements)

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for the involuntary system of the body (heart, digestive system, etc)

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15
Q

what is the two subdivision of the automatic nervous system?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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16
Q

serve to increase the level of the activation response preparation for activity

A

sympathetic

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17
Q

serve to decrease the level of activation during rest &; recovery

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure). Sensing distortion in the body tissue.

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19
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to pain

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20
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemical interaction (smell & taste)

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21
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light (vision)

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22
Q

provides the shape & form for our bodies to support, protect and allow body movement producing blood for the body and storing minerals

A

the skeletal system

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23
Q

what are the 3 things the skeletal system is affected by?

A

posture
physical activity
nutrition status

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24
Q

surrounding a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, deceleration of the joint.

A

joint receptors

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25
Q

where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

muscles (muscle spindles), tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors.

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26
Q

what are the two skeletal division?

A

axial

appendicular

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27
Q

the axial division consists of

A

skull, ribcage, vertebral column

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28
Q

the appendicular division consists of

A

upper & lower extremities, shoulder & pelvic girdle

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29
Q

how many bones are in the body?

A

206 bones

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30
Q

the resorption of bones, resorption & formation (follow the lines of stress placed on the body)

A

Remodeling of bones

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31
Q

bone formation

A

osteoblasts

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32
Q

bone is broken down

A

osteoclasts

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33
Q

what are the types of bones?

A 
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamatoid bones
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34
Q

long bones

A

long cylindrical body, ensure strength and stiffness -

ex. clavicle, femur, humerus, tibia, fibula

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35
Q

short bones

A

similar in length and width- for example, carparls of hands, tarsals on feet.

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36
Q

irregular bones

A

unique and function - vertebrae

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37
Q

flat bones

A

thin, protective - ex scapula, patella

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38
Q

sesamatoid bones

A

small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule OR found in a location where a tendon passes over a joint.

ex. patella.

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39
Q

flatten or indented portions of a bone, can be muscle attachment sites

A

depression -

ex. shoulder blades

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40
Q

projection protruding from a bone, muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

A

process

ex. veterbrae, femur, shoulder joint

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41
Q

connects bone to bone, little blood supply and slow to heal

A

ligaments

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42
Q

connects muscles to bones to produce force

A

tendons

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43
Q

no joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage, little to no movement

A

non-synovial joints

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44
Q

held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement

A

synovial joints

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45
Q

what are the major type of movements for joints?

A

roll
slide
spin

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46
Q

hinge joints

A

elbows, ankles, sagittal plane movement

flexion and extension

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47
Q

ball & socket

A

shoulders, hips, most mobile, all three planes of motion

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48
Q

pivot

A

think of pronation/supination - one plane of movement

ex. forearm

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49
Q

condyloid/elliptical

A

movement occurs in one plane (flexion/extension), adduction/abduction and circumduction with limit transverse plane.

ex. radius and carpals in the joints

50
Q

saddle

A

straddling like a rider

ex. joint in the thumb.

51
Q

cervical nerves

A

C1-C8 (first part)

support the head

52
Q

thoracic nerves

A

T1-T12 (move with the ribs)

53
Q

lumbar nerves

A

L1-L5 (supports the body’s weight)

most common for back pain

54
Q

Sacral nerves

A

S1-S5

55
Q

what is at the bottom of the spinal column?

A

coccyx or tailbone

56
Q

the best method to strengthen bones

A

weight-bearing exercise

57
Q

thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the sarcomere

A

sliding filament theory

58
Q

type 1 muscle fiber

A

slow-twitch, smaller in size, fatigue slower,
more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
stabilization

59
Q

type 2 muscle fibers

A

fast-twitch, larger in size, produce maximal tension, fatigue quickly.
fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
power

60
Q

the outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle

A

fascia

61
Q

bundles of individual muscle fibers

A

fascicles

62
Q

what is the layer of the muscles from outer to inner?

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
muscle fiber

63
Q

contraction of a muscle generated by a neural stimulation

A

neural activation

64
Q

chemical messengers that transport impulses from the nerve to muscles

A

neurotransmitter

65
Q

one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with

A

motor unit

66
Q

act as a prime mover

A

agonist

67
Q

assist prime movers

A

synergist

68
Q

muscle support or stabilize

A

stabilizer

69
Q

opposite action of the prime mover

A

antagonist

70
Q

what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the chest press?

A

pec major
anterior deltolds, triceps
rotator cuffs
posterior deltolds

71
Q

what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the overhead press?

A

deltoids
triceps
rotator cuffs
lats dorsi

72
Q

what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the row?

A

lats dorsi
biceps/posterior deltoids
rotator cuff
pec major

73
Q

what is the agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist of the squat?

A

glute max, quads
hamstrings
transverse abdominals
psoas

74
Q

system of glands, secrets hormones to regulate bodily function

A

endocrine system

75
Q

responsible for male sex traits

A

testosterone

76
Q

influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, thighs and responsible for female sex traits

A

estrogen

77
Q

anabolic hormone, responsible for the growth up until puberty

A

growth hormone

78
Q

regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body

A

insulin

79
Q

what does the thyroid do?

A

regulate the rate of metabolism

growth rate

80
Q

which glands respond to stress and adrenaline?

A

adrenal glands

81
Q

which organ controls/regulate blood glucose?

A

The pancreas by pumping two hormones, insulin and glucagon.

82
Q

what is called when glucose is stored in the liver & muscles?

A

glycogen

83
Q

regulate energy & glucose metabolism in the body cells, reducing blood sugar

A

insulin

84
Q

liver, muscles and fat tissues take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles (T/F)

A

TRUE

85
Q

raise blood glucose levels by triggering the RELEASE of glycogen stores from liver. Stimulate liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release in the bloodstream to the cells

A

glucagon.

86
Q

does insulin level decrease or increase during physical activity?

A

decrease

87
Q

does glucagon secretion decrease or increase during physical activity

A

increase

88
Q

the fight or flight response

A

catecholamine (adrenal glands)

89
Q

anabolic vs catabolic

A 
anabolic = build-up of tissue
catabolic = break down of tissue
90
Q

testosterone and growth hormone increase after strength training and vig. aerobic exercises (T/F)

A

TRUE

91
Q

growth hormone is located in…

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

cardiovascular and respiratory systems

A

cardiorespiratory systems

93
Q

heart, blood, and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular systems

94
Q

shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscles, involuntary

A

cardiac muscles

95
Q

Smaller, superior chambers of the heart, recieve blood from veins!

A

Atria

96
Q

Right atrium

A

gather deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body.

97
Q

Left atrium

A

gather oxygenated blood from the lungs

98
Q

SA node (Sinoatrial)

A

located in the right Atrium, initiate impulse for heart rate, known as the pacemaker for the heart.

99
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood?

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
Regulate temperature, PH
Protect clotting, immunity.

100
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

101
Q

carry blood back to the heart

A

Veins

102
Q

small branches of arteries, end in capillaries

A

Arterioles

103
Q

smallest blood vessels, site of gas, chemical and water exchange

A

Capillaries

104
Q

larger, inferior chambers of the heart, pump blood out

A

Ventricles

105
Q

right ventricles

A

pump deoxygenated blood to the body

106
Q

left ventricles

A

pump oxygenated blood to the body

107
Q

very small veins, connect capillaries to large veins

A

venules

108
Q

Mediastinum

A

the space in the chest between the lungs that contain all internal organs of the chest except the lungs

109
Q

the right side of the heart is also known as the

A

pulmonic side

110
Q

the left side of the heart is known as the

A

systemic

111
Q

what does deoxygenated mean?

A

more carbon dioxide than oxygen.

112
Q

has thin walls

pumps short distance to the lungs

A

right ventricle

113
Q

has thick walls

pumps to the rest of the body

A

left ventricle

114
Q

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

A

stroke volume

115
Q

how do you get the stroke volume?

A

end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume

before contract) - (volume of blood after ejection

116
Q

what is the cardiac output formula?

A

HR x stroke volume = overall performance of the heart

volume of blood pumped per min.

117
Q

whats the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

118
Q

contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs

A

inspiration

119
Q

relaxing inspiratory muscles, contracting expiratory muscles to move air out

A

expiration

120
Q

what are the primary muscles for inspiration muscles?

A

the diaphragm, external intercostal

121
Q

what are the secondary muscles for inspiration muscles?

A

scalene, pect major, sternocleidomastoid

122
Q

what are the muscles for expiratory muscles?

A

internal intercostal, abdominals

NASM (15 decks)

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