MODULE 7- TRANSPORTATION SAFETY AND ECONOMICS

Question 1

is a required factor in the planning process and transportation planners are key partners ensuring that safety is an integral component of all planning processes

Answer 1

TRANSPORTATION SAFETY

Question 2

is to reduce fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. is a collaborative and integrated approach that brings together safety partners to leverage resources for a common safety goal.

Answer 2

SAFETY PLANNING

Question 3

are becoming increasingly adept in recognizing opportunities for partnerships to help attain safety goals and objectives.

Answer 3

SAFETY STAKEHOLDERS

Question 4

The 4 Es of Safety

Answer 4

-Engineering
-Enforcement
-Emergency Medical Services
-Education

Question 5

Other Safety Stakeholders

Answer 5

• Health Department Personnel
• Safety Advocates
• Tribal Governments
• Planners
• Elected Officials

Question 6

Three Types of Safety Strategies

Answer 6

• Crash prevention (before the crash)
• Crash injury and fatality mitigation (during the crash)
• Improving emergency response and medicine (after the crash)

Question 7

Some Crash Prevention Strategies

Answer 7

• Commercial driver testing and licensing
• Drunk driving limits and enforcement
• Speed limits and speed limit enforcement
• Standardization of traffic control devices
• Improvement of roadway geometric designs
• Managing direct access to land from arterial roads
• Aircraft safety regulation and inspection
• Post-crash investigations and analysis of crash
• Camera enforcement of speed and red light running
• Road condition and weather

Question 8

Some Mitigation Strategies Reduce the Consequences of Crashes

Answer 8

• Wider roadway clear zones
• Ditch slope standards
• Improved roadway medians
• Crash testing of vehicles and roadside hardware
• Automobile safety feature requirements (e.g., seat belts, air bags, tire grading, stability control)
• Flammability standards for materials used in aircraft cabins and inside automobiles
• Improved guard rails and breakaway posts

Question 9

Emergency Response Strategies

Answer 9

• Improved crash fire and rescue capabilities at airports
• Training and certification of emergency medical technicians
• Video surveillance of high crash locations
• Pre-positioning of emergency response vehicles
• Mayday systems on motor vehicles

Question 10

is most likely an important part of both the demand and supply functions

Answer 10

SAFETY

Question 11

is an important component of the economy and a common tool used for development.

Answer 11

TRANSPORT SECTOR

Question 12

The most fundamental impacts of transportation-related to the physical capacity to convey passengers and goods and the associated costs to support this mobility. This involves the setting of routes enabling new or existing interactions between economic entities.

Answer 12

CORE

Question 13

Types of Impacts of Mitigation

Answer 13

-CORE
-OPERATIONAL
-GEOGRAPHICAL

Question 14

Improvement in the time performance, notably in terms of reliability, as well as reduced loss or damage. This implies a better utilization level of existing transportation assets benefiting its users as passengers and freight are conveyed more rapidly and with fewer delays.

Answer 14

OPERATIONAL

Question 15

Access to a broader market base where economies of scale in production, distribution, and consumption can be improved. Increases in productivity from the access to a larger and more diverse base of inputs (raw materials, parts, energy or labor) and broader markets for diverse outputs (intermediate and finished goods). Another important geographical impact concerns the influence of transport on the location of activities and its impacts on land values.

Answer 15

GEOGRAPHICAL

Question 16

the importance of transportation for a whole economy) - transportation and the mobility it confers are linked to a level of output, employment, and income within a national economy.

Answer 16

• Macroeconomic level

Question 17

the importance of transportation for specific parts of the economy) - transportation is linked to producer, consumer, and distribution costs. The importance of specific transport activities and infrastructure can thus be assessed for each sector of the economy.`

Answer 17

• Microeconomic level

Question 18

tend to have declining marginal returns (diminishing returns). While initial infrastructure investments tend to have a high return since they provide an entirely new range of mobility options, the more the system is developed, the more likely additional investment would result in lower returns.

Answer 18

Transport investments

Question 19

The most common reasons for the declining marginal returns of transport investments

Answer 19

• High accumulation of existing infrastructure
• Economic changes
• Clustering

Question 20

is a relevant example of such a diffusion behavior as its productivity benefits were mostly derived in the 1990s and 2000s when economic globalization was accelerating.

Answer 20

Containerization

Question 21

have underlined that economic development has become less dependent on relations with the environment (resources) and more dependent on relations across space.

Answer 21

Contemporary trends

Question 22

Improvement in the efficiency with which firms have access to raw materials and parts as well as to their respective customers. Thus, transportation expands opportunities to acquire and sell a variety of commodities necessary for industrial and manufacturing systems.

Answer 22

Commodity market.

Question 23

Improvement in access to labor and a reduction in access costs, mainly by improved commuting (local scale) or the use of lower-cost labor (global scale).

Answer 23

LABOR MARKET

Question 24

The major impacts of transport on economic factors can be categorized as

Answer 24

• Geographic specialization
• Scale and scope of production
• Increased competition
• Increased land valueS