Module 7 - Phylogeny Flashcards
biologists define a species as
a group of popula tions that evolves independently. of each other. an organism of the same species has potential to reproduce.
reproductive isolation
(inability to successfully breed outside the group)
why it is difficult to develop a criterion for distinguishing species?
some species cannot breed with each other but may seem identical to humans in every single aspect. a species may be able to breed while appearing extremely different in characteristics. for example dogs
speciation
the process of species formation, in which a single species splits into two or more species
Premating isolation:
any structure, physiological function, or behaviour that prevents organisms of two different species from mating
Postmating isolation:
any structure, physiological function, or developmental abnormalities that prevents organisms of two different species from producing vigorous, fertile offspring after mating has occurred
Polyploidy:
having more than two copies of each homologous chromosome
Adaptive radiation:
the rise of many new species in a relatively short time; this may occur when a single species invades different habitats and evolves in response to different environmental conditions within those habitats
Phylogeny:
the evolutionary history of a group of species
Monophyletic:
a monophyletic group or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants from a common ancestor
Clade:
a group that includes all the organisms descended from a common ancestor
Taxonomy:
the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms
Binomial nomenclature:
the method of naming organisms by genus and species (two part), often called the scientific name
Biodiversity
all living things; biological diversity
The eight major taxonomic ranks of the Linnaean system
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus , Species
Archaea lack ? and often have the ability to produce ?
a microorganism that lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes, extreme environments, often have ability to produce methane.
Eukarya
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. All organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and the bacteria-like organisms known as archaea are eukaryotes.
differences that distinguish members of the Bacteria from the Archaea
Similar to bacteria, archaea do not have interior membranes but both have a cell wall and use flagella to swim. Archaea differ in the fact that their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan and cell membrane uses ether linked lipids as opposed to ester linked lipids in bacteria.
the specializations that have allowed prokaryotes to thrive in a diversity of habitats
Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries or thousands of years. When the environment becomes more favourable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state.
endospores
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria. It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients and usually occurs in gram postive bacteria.
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen‐fixing bacteria live in the soil and convert nitrogen gas to ammonium, which can be absorbed by plants.
Prokaryotes play important roles in animal nutrition;
cellulose digesters live in the digestive tract of many leaf‐eating organisms.
In humans, some bacteria use food products to produce
Vitamins K and B12
bioremediation
is the process of using prokaryotes to clean up pollutants
Viroids:
a particle of RNA that is capable of infecting a cell and of directing the production of more viriods. These are prevalent as a plant disease agent
Prions:
proteins that, in mutated form, act as infectious agents that causes certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Scrapie in sheep
Bacteriophages:
a virus that specifically infects bacteria
examples of protists
Red algae, Green Algae, Amoeba, rhizarians, diatoms, euglenids
Protists:
a eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. The term encompasses a diverse array of organisms and does not represent a monophyletic group
Slime moulds:
several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.
What distinguishes plants from other organisms?
photosynthesis, multicellular embryos, and alternation of generations,
Plant reproduction is characterized by a type of life cycle called alternation of generations
separate multi- cellular diploid and haploid generations alternate with one another. (Recall that a diploid organism has paired chromosomes; a haploid organism has unpaired chromosomes.)
List the four major plant groups
non-vascular plants, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms
List the three adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to become the planet’s predominant plant form
- flowers, (atract pollinators)
- fruits, (seed dispersal)
- broad leaves (capture more light)
List the vital roles that plants play in ecosystems (4)
- Plants provide food, directly or indirectly, for all of the animals, fungi.
- Plants Help Maintain the Atmosphere.
- Plants Build and Protect Soil
- plants keep ecosystems moisture rich
List the vital roles that plants play in human activities.
Plants Provide
- Shelter,
- Fuel,
- Medicine
Gymnosperms:
a nonflowering seed plant, such as a conifer, cycad or ginkgo
Non-vascular plants:
a plant that lacks lignin and well-developed conducting vessels for water and nutrients. Non-vascular plants include mosses and liverworts
Angiosperms:
a flowering seed plant, the most highly developed plants in evolutionary terms
Sporophyte generation:
the multicellular diploid stage in the life-cycle of a plant; produces haploid asexual spores through meiosis
Gametophyte generation:
the multicellular haploid stage in the life-cycle of plants
Lignin:
a hard material that is embedded in the cell walls of vascular plants and that provides support in terrestrial species; an important adaptation
The fungal body is composed of fine (one cell thick) threads called
hyphae
fungi, eukarya or prokarya?
eukarya
fungi obtain their nutrition by:
excreting enzymes from the tip of the hyphae, degrading organic compounds into more accessible nutrients.
saprobes
they break down dead and decaying matter.
mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal associations formed with ___ plant roots worldwide
80%
mycorrhizae arbuscules
are tree-like structures within the plant root cells that function in nutrient exchange. Plants supply sugars to the fungus and the fungus solubilises phosphorous for the plant.
Lichen form crusts on __ and are what type of organism?
soil, rock and wood surfaces. a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.
Dimorphic:
where members of the same species have two distinct forms. For instance, sexual dimorphism in ducks means that males and females have different feather colour and patterns
Mycelium:
the body of a fungus, consisting of a mass or mat of hyphae
Antibiotics:
chemicals that help to combat infection by destroying or slowing down the multiplication of bacteria, fungi, or protists
List the main distinguishing features of the kingdom Animalia (7)
- Animals are eukaryotes.
- Animals are multicellular. 3. Animal cells lack a cell wall.
- Animals obtain their energy by consuming other organisms.
- Animals typically reproduce sexually.
- motile (able to move about).
- respond rapidly to external stimuli.
radial symmetry
any plane through a central axis divides the object into roughly equal halves. 2 embryonic tissue layers. jelly fish, star fish, octupus, squid
bilateral symmetry
a bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into roughly mirror-image halves only along one particular plane through the central axis. 3 embryonic tissue layers (human)
triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, dorsoventrally flattened, acoelomate with organ grade of construction without a definite anus, nor circulatory, or skeletal and respiratory system.
Platyhelminthes or flatworm
Arthropoda:
a large phylum of invertebrate animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and their relatives. They have a segmented body, an external skeleton, and jointed limbs
features of the phylum Chordata (4)
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve cord
- Pharyngeal pouches & slits
- Postanal tail
Mammal:
a member of the chordate clade Mammalia, which includes vertebrates with hair and mammary glands
Marsupial:
a member of the clade Marsupialla, which includes mammals whose young are born at an extremely immature stage and undergo further development in a pouch where they remain attached to a mammary gland
Monotreme:
a member of the clade Monotremata which includes mammals that lay eggs
Amniotic egg:
the egg of reptiles, including birds; contains a membrane, the amnion, that surrounds the embryo enclosing it in a watery environment and allowing the egg to be laid on dry land
Primate:
member of the mammalian clade Primates, characterised by the presence of an opposite thumb, forward facing eyes, and a well-developed cerebral cortex
