Chapter 1-2-3 Flashcards
5 Characteristics that define an Organism (life)
Organisms;
- acquire and use materials and energy
- actively maintain complex organisation
- sense and respond to stimuli
- grow and reproduce
- collectively evolve
The 3 natural processes which underlie evolution;
- Differences among members of population
- Inheritance of these differences.
- Natural selection
Genes
Specific segments of DNA
Mutations
Changes in genes, sometimes randomly occurring during transcription, or passed down from other generations.
Natural selection
Organisms with certain traits survive longer and reproduce more passing down their genetic information and mutations further developing the species for survival.
Adaptations
Structures, physiological processes or behaviours that help an organism survive and reproduce in a particular habitat.
Species
An animal of the same type of which can inter-breed.
Biosphere
All life on earth and the non living portions of earth.
Ecosystem
A community together with its non living surroundings.
Communinty
Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with each other.
Population
All the members of a species living in the same area.
Three major domains
Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
3 differences Eukaryotes have to prokaryotes.
Contain nucleus enclosed by a membrane.
Contain organelles enclosed by membranes.
Multicellular organisms.
The six inter-related elements of the scientific method.
Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiments Conclusion
Scientific Theory
A general and reliable explanation of important natural phenomena that has been developed through extensive and reproducible observations and experiments.
Natural law
A basic principle derived from the study of nature.
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds in water molecules cause cohesion, the tendency for molecules to stick together/move together. Produces surface tension.
Adhesion
The tendency for different surfaces to cling to one another, water adheres to substances whose molecules contain charged regions.
Capillary action
Combination of adhesion and cohesion, producing water movement.
Membrane
A microscopic double layer of phospholipids and proteins forming the boundary of the cell.
Organelle
A membrane bound structure inside a cell.
Cytoplasm
All of the material contained within a membrane of a cell.
Symbiosis
Long term physical association between species.
Nucleus
The membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic material.
Chromosomes
A DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organise and regulate the use of the DNA.
Nucleolus
The region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum ER
A system of membranous tubes and channels in eukaryotic cells. Site for production of fatty molecules and certain proteins and complex carbs.
Sorts and essentially mails synthates into vesicles for distribution inside and outside of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Membrane bound organelle containing digestive enzymes for waste removal/destruction.
Vacuoles
A membrane bound cavity for storing liquids and or nutrients and resources.
Mitochondria
A double membrane bound organelle, the site of respiration and energy production. Powerhouse of the cell.
Plastid
A membrane bound organelle of which can be used for photosynthesis, pigment storage or food storage.
Dehydration synthesis
A process where taking away a water molecule allows to other molecules bond together forming a larger single molecule. Eg. Disaccharides
Cells range in size from 1 to ? um.
100
How large are virus cells
100nm
Cytosol
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Eukarya contains which types of organisms? Plants,,,
Animals, fungi and protists
Vacuole
Contains water in plant cells, regulates turgidity.
Extra cellular matrix
Mesh work of proteins and carbohydrates released by the cell. Outside of the cell.
When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to export the vesicles contents.
Exocytosis
In-pocketing of plasma membrane to surround material with a vesicle and import it.
Endocytosis
Short term energy storage molecule in animals and humans.
Glycogen
The cell wall of plant cells made up of glucose molecules stacked alternating upside down is:
Cellulose
A polysaccharide of which, makes up the outer most coverings of crabs, spiders, insects and stiffens the cell wall of most fungi.
Chitin
Proteins that promote specific chemical reactions;
Enzymes
How many different amino acids:
20
Single covalent bond forms between 2 seperate proteins liberating a water molecule forms a ? Creating a
Peptide bond
peptide
Primary structure of a polypeptide chain:
Shows basic sequence of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary structure of polypeptide chain:
Helix structures maintained by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure of a polypeptide chain:
Folding of the helix resulting from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulphide bridges between cysteine amino acids.
Quaternary structure of a polypeptide chain.
Individual folded polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or and disulphides bridges.
What is the molecule that contains a five carbon sugar, a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
Nucleotide
4 bases of DNA
Thiamine, cytosine, adenine and guanine.
Lipid composition
Almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon with nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic
Lipids three major groups;
- Oils, fats and waxes
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Saturated fatty acid composition
Straight molecule containing as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
Unsaturated fatty acid composition
Carbons linked by double bonds, bending the fatty acid tail. Contain fewer hydrogens than saturated.
Phospholipid composition
A phosphate group head (hydrophilic) with a fatty acid tail (hydrophobic).
Trans fat composition
When hydrogens are added to oil, that make the kinky fatty acid tails straighten and the oil becomes solid at room temp.
Plasma membrane composition
Is a double layer of phospholipids, containing proteins and cholesterols embedded within.
What are Pili
Are surface proteins that project from the cell wall of many bacteria. Can be used as sex pilus transferring small rings called plasmids.
Flagella
Some bacteria and archaea, whip like structure extending from the cell surface. Prokarya flagella differ to eukarya flagella.
Nucleoid
A distinctive region in a prokarya cell containing the singular circular chromosome.
The three types of cytoskeleton proteins;
- Microfilaments,
- intermediate filaments and
- microtubules
Cilia and eukaryote flagella
Plasma membrane structures that extend out from the cell surface. They beat continuously powered by motor proteins and ATP.
What is the nuclear material observed from a microscope;
Chromatin
Chromatin consists of;
Chromosomesmade of DNA molecules and their associated proteins.
Polyribosome is more often than not a;
MRNA
