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BIO100 CSU > Chapter 1-2-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

5 Characteristics that define an Organism (life)

A

Organisms;

  • acquire and use materials and energy
  • actively maintain complex organisation
  • sense and respond to stimuli
  • grow and reproduce
  • collectively evolve
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2
Q

The 3 natural processes which underlie evolution;

A
  1. Differences among members of population
  2. Inheritance of these differences.
  3. Natural selection
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3
Q

Genes

A

Specific segments of DNA

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4
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in genes, sometimes randomly occurring during transcription, or passed down from other generations.

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5
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms with certain traits survive longer and reproduce more passing down their genetic information and mutations further developing the species for survival.

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6
Q

Adaptations

A

Structures, physiological processes or behaviours that help an organism survive and reproduce in a particular habitat.

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7
Q

Species

A

An animal of the same type of which can inter-breed.

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8
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on earth and the non living portions of earth.

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community together with its non living surroundings.

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10
Q

Communinty

A

Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with each other.

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11
Q

Population

A

All the members of a species living in the same area.

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12
Q

Three major domains

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

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13
Q

3 differences Eukaryotes have to prokaryotes.

A

Contain nucleus enclosed by a membrane.
Contain organelles enclosed by membranes.
Multicellular organisms.

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14
Q

The six inter-related elements of the scientific method.

A 
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction 
Experiments
Conclusion
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15
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A general and reliable explanation of important natural phenomena that has been developed through extensive and reproducible observations and experiments.

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16
Q

Natural law

A

A basic principle derived from the study of nature.

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17
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds in water molecules cause cohesion, the tendency for molecules to stick together/move together. Produces surface tension.

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18
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency for different surfaces to cling to one another, water adheres to substances whose molecules contain charged regions.

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19
Q

Capillary action

A

Combination of adhesion and cohesion, producing water movement.

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20
Q

Membrane

A

A microscopic double layer of phospholipids and proteins forming the boundary of the cell.

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21
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane bound structure inside a cell.

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All of the material contained within a membrane of a cell.

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23
Q

Symbiosis

A

Long term physical association between species.

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

The membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic material.

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25
Q

Chromosomes

A

A DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organise and regulate the use of the DNA.

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26
Q

Nucleolus

A

The region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis.

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27
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum ER

A

A system of membranous tubes and channels in eukaryotic cells. Site for production of fatty molecules and certain proteins and complex carbs.

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28
Q

Sorts and essentially mails synthates into vesicles for distribution inside and outside of the cell.

A

Golgi apparatus

29
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane bound organelle containing digestive enzymes for waste removal/destruction.

30
Q

Vacuoles

A

A membrane bound cavity for storing liquids and or nutrients and resources.

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

A double membrane bound organelle, the site of respiration and energy production. Powerhouse of the cell.

32
Q

Plastid

A

A membrane bound organelle of which can be used for photosynthesis, pigment storage or food storage.

33
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A process where taking away a water molecule allows to other molecules bond together forming a larger single molecule. Eg. Disaccharides

34
Q

Cells range in size from 1 to ? um.

A

100

35
Q

How large are virus cells

A

100nm

36
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm

37
Q

Eukarya contains which types of organisms? Plants,,,

A

Animals, fungi and protists

38
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains water in plant cells, regulates turgidity.

39
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

Mesh work of proteins and carbohydrates released by the cell. Outside of the cell.

40
Q

When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to export the vesicles contents.

A

Exocytosis

41
Q

In-pocketing of plasma membrane to surround material with a vesicle and import it.

A

Endocytosis

42
Q

Short term energy storage molecule in animals and humans.

A

Glycogen

43
Q

The cell wall of plant cells made up of glucose molecules stacked alternating upside down is:

A

Cellulose

44
Q

A polysaccharide of which, makes up the outer most coverings of crabs, spiders, insects and stiffens the cell wall of most fungi.

A

Chitin

45
Q

Proteins that promote specific chemical reactions;

A

Enzymes

46
Q

How many different amino acids:

A

20

47
Q

Single covalent bond forms between 2 seperate proteins liberating a water molecule forms a ? Creating a

A

Peptide bond

peptide

48
Q

Primary structure of a polypeptide chain:

A

Shows basic sequence of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds.

49
Q

Secondary structure of polypeptide chain:

A

Helix structures maintained by hydrogen bonds.

50
Q

Tertiary structure of a polypeptide chain:

A

Folding of the helix resulting from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulphide bridges between cysteine amino acids.

51
Q

Quaternary structure of a polypeptide chain.

A

Individual folded polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or and disulphides bridges.

52
Q

What is the molecule that contains a five carbon sugar, a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

A

Nucleotide

53
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

Thiamine, cytosine, adenine and guanine.

54
Q

Lipid composition

A

Almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon with nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic

55
Q

Lipids three major groups;

A
  1. Oils, fats and waxes
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
56
Q

Saturated fatty acid composition

A

Straight molecule containing as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

57
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid composition

A

Carbons linked by double bonds, bending the fatty acid tail. Contain fewer hydrogens than saturated.

58
Q

Phospholipid composition

A

A phosphate group head (hydrophilic) with a fatty acid tail (hydrophobic).

59
Q

Trans fat composition

A

When hydrogens are added to oil, that make the kinky fatty acid tails straighten and the oil becomes solid at room temp.

60
Q

Plasma membrane composition

A

Is a double layer of phospholipids, containing proteins and cholesterols embedded within.

61
Q

What are Pili

A

Are surface proteins that project from the cell wall of many bacteria. Can be used as sex pilus transferring small rings called plasmids.

62
Q

Flagella

A

Some bacteria and archaea, whip like structure extending from the cell surface. Prokarya flagella differ to eukarya flagella.

63
Q

Nucleoid

A

A distinctive region in a prokarya cell containing the singular circular chromosome.

64
Q

The three types of cytoskeleton proteins;

A
  1. Microfilaments,
  2. intermediate filaments and
  3. microtubules
65
Q

Cilia and eukaryote flagella

A

Plasma membrane structures that extend out from the cell surface. They beat continuously powered by motor proteins and ATP.

66
Q

What is the nuclear material observed from a microscope;

A

Chromatin

67
Q

Chromatin consists of;

A

Chromosomesmade of DNA molecules and their associated proteins.

68
Q

Polyribosome is more often than not a;

A

MRNA

BIO100 CSU (11 decks)

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