Chapter 7-8

Question 1

Photosynthetic process:

Answer 1

is the process by which light energy is captured and then stored as chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules such as sugar

Question 2

Chloroplasts

Answer 2

Chloroplasts are organelles that consist of a double outer membrane enclosing a semifluid substance, the stroma.

Question 3

Thyllakoids and grana

Answer 3

interconnected membrane-enclosed compartments, embedded in the stroma, often forming disc shaped structures called grana.

Question 4

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2

Answer 4

photosynthetic chemical reaction formula

Question 5

light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 5

chlorophyll capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy, stored as ATP and NADPH. Water is split and oxygen is released.
.

Question 6

Calvin cycle

Answer 6

enzymes in the stroma surrounding the thylakoids combine CO2 and ATP, NADH. creating a three-carbon sugar that is used to make glucose.

Question 7

Chlorophyll a, appearance and absorbance

Answer 7

the key light-capturing pigment molecule in chloroplasts, strongly absorbs violet, blue, and red light, but reflects green, thus giving green leaves their color

Question 8

accessory pigments

Answer 8

other molecules inside chloroplasts.

Question 9

chlorophyll b, appearance and absorbance

Answer 9

an accessory pigment. reflects yellow-green light and absorbs the blue and red-orange wavelengths missed by chlorophyll a.

Question 10

Carotenoids appearance and absorbance

Answer 10

accessory pigments, they absorb blue and green light and therefore appear mostly yellow or orange

Question 11

electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 11

a series of electron-carrier mol- ecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

Question 12

photosystem II (and ETC)

Answer 12

Capture Light Energy, Create a hydrogen Ion Gradient, and Split Water.

Question 13

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 2.

Answer 13

The energy hops from one pigment molecule to the next until it is funneled into the photosystem II reac- tion center

Question 14

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 3.

Answer 14

When the energy from light reaches the reaction center, it boosts an electron from one of the reaction center
chlorophylls to the primary electron acceptor.

Question 15

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 4.

Answer 15

water replaces electrons that were excited and left the reaction centre. water is split producing O2 molecule.

Question 16

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 5.

Answer 16

the electron travels from one electron carrier to the next, Some of this energy is harnessed to pump H+ across the thylakoid mem- brane and into the thylakoid space, contributing to the H+ gradient.

Question 17

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 6.

Answer 17

the energy-depleted electron leaves the ETC and enters the reaction center of photosystem I, where it replaces the electron ejected when light strikes photosystem I energy is passed to a chlorophyll a in the reaction centre.

Question 18

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 7.

Answer 18

chlorophyll a energizes an electron that is absorbed by the primary electron acceptor of photosystem I

Question 19

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 8.

Answer 19

the energized electron is passed to a second ETC adjacent to photosystem I in the thylakoid membrane.

Question 20

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 9.

Answer 20

Here, the final electron carrier is an enzyme that cata- lyzes the synthesis of NADPH. To form NADPH, the enzyme combines NADP+ and H+ (both dissolved in the stroma) with two energetic electrons from the ETC

Question 21

Photosynthetic steps:

Step 1.

Answer 21

photons of light are absorbed by pigment molecules clustered in pho- tosystem II

Question 22

Hydrogen ion gradient generates:

Answer 22

ATP

Question 23

Chemiosmosis

Answer 23

is the process by which some of the energy stored in the concentration gradient of H+ is captured in ATP as H+ flows down its gradient.

Question 24

Calvin Cycle

step 1.

Answer 24

Rubisco combines 3 CO2 molecules with 3 RuBP molecules to produce 3 six-carbon molecules that immediately split in half, forming six PGA

Question 25

What is PGA

Answer 25

phosphoglyceric acid

Question 26

Rubisco

Answer 26

An enzyme of which initiates Calvin cycle. it fixes carbon although is not completely selective, and will allow O2 instead of CO2 to combine with RuBP

Question 27

Calvin Cycle

step 2.

Answer 27

Energy from ATP and NADPH is used

to convert the six molecules of PGA to six molecules of G3P

Question 28

Calvin Cycle

step 3.

Answer 28

with energy from ATP, the five remaining molecules of G3P are converted to three molecules of RuBP

Question 29

Calvin Cycle

step 4.

Answer 29

One molecule of G3P leaves the cycle

Question 30

Calvin Cycle

step 5.

Answer 30

Two molecules of G3P combine to form glucose.

Question 31

C3 pathway is referred as;

Answer 31

the Calvin cycle

Question 32

When O2 replaces CO2 reducing the rate of carbon fixation by roughly 33%, is a wasteful process called…

Answer 32

photorespiration

Question 33

C4 plants chloroplast location and carbon fixing.

Answer 33

in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. The mesophyll chloroplasts lack Calvin cycle enzymes and use the enzyme PEP carboxylase to fix CO2. as malate.

Question 34

PEP carboxylase is selective?

Answer 34

highly selective for CO2 over O2.

Question 35

malate

Answer 35

carbon energy storage, produced in mesophyl of C4 plant, which travels through bundle sheath cell to undergo breakdown and calvin cycle in a CO2 rich environment.

Question 36

CAM plants

Answer 36

use the C4 pathway. in contrast, CAM plants do not use different cell types but utilize different timings for calvin cycle.

Question 37

CAM plants open their stomata;

Answer 37

at night, when less water will evaporate.

Question 38

What occurs at night and in the day through the CAM pathway?

Answer 38

carbon fixation occurs at night. sugar synthesis occurs during the day (production of malate eg C4 process).

Question 39

C4 and CAM plants greatly reduce;

Answer 39

competitive inhibition of rubisco by O2

Question 40

glucose breakdown energy efficiency %

Answer 40

when oxygen is present, 40% efficiency.

Question 41

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

Answer 41

Glucose breakdown reaction

Question 42

Glycolysis

Answer 42

the splitting of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate with help from 2 ATP.

Question 43

Glycolysis net gain of energy=

Answer 43

4ATP + 2NADH - 2ATP = 2ATP + 2NADH

Question 44

Cellular respiration (Krebs cycle)

Answer 44

Cellular respiration breaks down the 2 pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis into 6CO2 molecules and 6H2O molecules.

Question 45

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 45

Mitochondia of eukaryote cells.

Question 46

each glucose molecule produces how many of each electron carriers; 10 ______ and 2 ______ over the first stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 46

10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules

Question 47

NADH and FADH2 excited electrons are passed over to the _____ in the mitochondria.

Answer 47

ETC (electron transport chain.

Question 48

excited electron transport chains in the mitochondria power ___ pumps creating a _____ gradient.

Answer 48

H+ pump, chemical concentration gradient inside the mitochondrial intramembranous space.

Question 49

intermembrane space or the matrix of the mitochondria has a higher H+ concenttration?

Answer 49

intermembrane space.

Question 50

Oxygen O2 accepts ____ at the end of the ETC.

Answer 50

the spent electrons forming H2O

Question 51

What would occur in cellular respiration without oxygen?

Answer 51

Without oxygen to accept electrons, the ETC would become saturated with electrons and could not acquire more from NADH and FADH2.

Question 52

fermentation

Answer 52

the process by which pyruvate (after glycolysis) is converted either into lactate or into ethanol and CO2. (micro organisms) yeasts etc.

Question 53

total yield of ATP from 1 glucose molecule through cellular respiration:

Answer 53

36 ATP

Question 54

What is the role of PEP in a C4 plant?

Answer 54

An enzyme which catalyzes the reaction for CO2 to be converted into malate through use of energy in the form of ATP and NADH produced from light reactions of photosynthesis.