Ch 9 Mitosis and Binary fission

Question 1

Binary Fission

Answer 1

prokaryotes devide by binary fision, so do chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Question 2

Eukaryote cell division is termed;

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 3

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 4

genes are;

Answer 4

the basic units of inheritance. segments of DNA of a chromosome, ranging from a few hundred to many thou sands of nucleotides in length. express a certian trait or traits.

Question 5

Mitotic cell division

Answer 5

the production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Question 6

four bases of DNA

Answer 6

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C)

Question 7

Stem cells have two important characteristics:

Answer 7

self renewal and potency

Question 8

what is meant by the term Potency when considering stem cells?

Answer 8

dividing stem cells produce daughter cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types

Question 9

what type of cells arise when a stem cell divides?

Answer 9

one daugh- ter cell remains a stem cell (self-renewal, middle left). The other daughter cell may divide a few times, but eventually differentiates into a specialized cell type

Question 10

sexual reproduction occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes. what are gametes?

Answer 10

sperm and egg cells.

Question 11

prokaryotic fission

Answer 11

the division of prokaryotic cells.

Question 12

what protein holds DNA double helix wound up in the shape of chromosomes?

Answer 12

histone protein, as cell division begins, proteins fold up the chromosome, yielding about another 10-fold condensation

Question 13

what is a telomere?

Answer 13

(“end part” in Greek) are pro- tective caps at each end of a chromosome. keep chromosomes from fusing with one another.

Question 14

centromere and its 2 principal functions on a chromosome?

Answer 14

(“central part”) (1) It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication, and (2) it is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division.

Question 15

the period (phase) between cell divisions

Answer 15

interphase

Question 16

Interphase con- tains three subphases:

Answer 16

G1 (the first growth phase and the first gap in DNA synthesis), S (when DNA synthesis occurs), and G2 (the second growth phase and the second gap in DNA syn- thesis).

Question 17

most heart muscle and nerve cells, remain in which phase and subphase?

Answer 17

interphase and G1.

Question 18

Cytokinesis

Answer 18

is the division of the cytoplasm

Question 19

at what stage are all of the cells chromosomes copied?

Answer 19

S phase of interphase.

Question 20

identical DNA double helices?

Answer 20

sister chromatids attached to each other at their centromere.

Question 21

the 4 phases of mitosis? (in order)

Answer 21

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 22

during prophase;

Answer 22

the Chromosomes Condense, the Spindle Forms, the nuclear Envelope Breaks down, and the Chromosomes are Captured by Spindle Microtubules.

Question 23

spindle

Answer 23

As the duplicated chromosomes condense in prophase, the spindle begins to form. The spindle is composed of micro- tubules, called spindle microtubules

Question 24

metaphase

Answer 24

(the “middle stage”) 
Kinetochore microtubules (spindle microtubules) line up the chromosomes at the cell's equator (middle).

Question 25

Anaphase

Answer 25

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell; polar microtubules push the poles apart.

Question 26

Telophase

Answer 26

One set of chromosomes reaches each pole and begins to decondense; nuclear envelopes start to form; nucleoli begin to reappear; spindle microtubules begin to disappear; microfilaments form rings around the equator.

Question 27

What occurs during the Cytokinesis stage of mitosis (eukarya)

Answer 27

The ring of microfilaments contracts, dividing the cell in two; each daughter cell receives one nucleus and about half of the cytoplasm.

Question 28

differences of plant cell cytokinesis;

Answer 28

1. Carbohydrate-filled vesicles bud off the Golgi apparatus and move to the equator of the cell. 2. The vesicles fuse to form a new cell wall (red) and plasma membrane (yellow) between the daughter cells. forming the cell plate and eventually dividing the cell.

Question 29

Cell plate

Answer 29

a plant cells golgi apparatus produced vesicles arranged at the equator of the cell that join together forming a structure(cell plate) of which divides the cell during mitosis.

Question 30

how does a “kinase” function?

Answer 30

an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein, stimulating or inhibiting the activity of the target protein.

Question 31

Diploid cell

Answer 31

a cell which ends up with 2 sets of chromosomes. produced through mitosis.

Question 32

Haploid cell

Answer 32

a cell which contains one set of each chromosome. produced during meiosis.

Question 33

Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells;

Answer 33

1. Stem cells 2. Other cells capable of dividing 3. Permanently differentiated cells

Question 34

prokaryotic fission stage 1.

Answer 34

At the start of the growth phase, the single prokaryotic chromosome is usually attached at one point to the plasma membrane of the cell

Question 35

prokaryotic fission stage 2.

Answer 35

During the growth phase, the circular DNA chromosome replicates, producing two identical chromosomes that become attached to the plasma membrane at nearby, but separate, sites

Question 36

prokaryotic fission stage 3.

Answer 36

During the growth phase, the circular DNA chromosome replicates, producing two identical chromosomes that become attached to the plasma membrane at nearby, but separate, sites

Question 37

prokaryotic fission stage 4.

Answer 37

The plasma membrane grows inward between the two chromosome copies

Question 38

prokaryotic fission stage 5.

Answer 38

Fusion of membrane along the cell equator completes separation (binary fission) of the cells, producing two daughter cells, each containing one of the chromosomes

Question 39

kinetochore

Answer 39

a protein located on the centromere of a eukarya chromosome allowing kinetochore microtubules (spindle fibres) to attach and manouvre the chromosomes.

Question 40

the cell cycle has three major checkpoints;

Answer 40

1. G1 to S Is the cell’s DNA intact and suitable for replication? 2. G2 to Mitosis; Has the DNA been completely and accurately replicated? 3. Metaphase to Anaphase, Are all the chromosomes attached to the spindle and aligned properly at the equator of the cell? The checkpoint proteins determine if a stage requirement has been met and regulate the production of cyclins or the activity of Cdks regulating progression from one phase of the cell cycle to the next.

Question 41

Cdks

Answer 41

cyclin- dependent kinases.