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BIO100 CSU > Chapter 12-13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural selection:

A

differences in the survival and reproduction of organisms with the result that better-adapted individuals (phenotypes) become more common in the population

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2
Q

Double helix:

A

the shape of the two-stranded DNA molecule

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3
Q

Nucleotides:

A

a subunit of which nucleic acids are composed (can be found in DNA)

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4
Q

DNA replication

A

the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the basis for biological inheritance

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5
Q

Transcription:

A

the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

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6
Q

Translation:

A

the process whereby the sequence of bases of messenger RNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

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7
Q

Base pairs:

A

a pair of nitrogen-containing structures that form part of DNA. The bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

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8
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone:

A

a chain of sugars and phosphates in RNA and DNA

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9
Q

Codon:

A

a sequence of three bases of messenger RNA that specifies a particular amino acid; a certain codon also signalled the beginning or end of protein synthesis (start or stop codons)

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10
Q

Regulatory gene:

A

in prokaryotes, a gene encoding a protein that binds to the operator of one or more operons, controlling the ability of RNA polymerases to transcribe the structural genes of the operon

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11
Q

Genome:

A

an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.

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12
Q

Gene expression:

A

the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins.

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13
Q

Repressor protein:

A

in prokaryotes, a protein encoded by a regulatory gene which binds to the operator of an operon and prevents RNA polymerases from transcribing the structural genes

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14
Q

Promoter:

A

a specific sequence of DNA at the beginning of a gene, to which RNA polymerases bonds and starts gene transcription

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15
Q

Transformation:

A

a method of acquiring new genes, whereby DNA from one bacteria becomes incorporated into the DNA of another

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16
Q

Conjugation:

A

in prokaryotes, the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a temporary connection such as a conjugation pilli

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17
Q

Pilli:

A

hair-like proteins structures that project from the cell wall of many bacteria. Attachment pilli help bacteria adhere to structures, whereby conjugation or sex pilli assist in the transfer of plasmids

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18
Q

Plasmids:

A

a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria. Usually does not carry genes required for the normal functioning of the bacteria, but may carry genes that assist bacterial survival and advantage in certain environments. For instance, the gene for antibiotic resistance

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19
Q

Polymerase chain reaction:

A

a method of producing virtually unlimited numbers of copies from an individual piece of DNA

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20
Q

Gel Electrophoresis:

A

a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size. DNA samples are loaded into wells at one end of a gel, and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel.

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21
Q

Clones:

A

offspring that are produced by a sexual reproduction and are therefore genetically identical to each other

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22
Q

Genetically modified organism:

A

(G M O) a plant or animal that contains DNA that has been modified or that has been obtained from another species

23
Q

Recombinant:

A

DNA that has been altered by the addition of DNA from a different organism, typically from a different species

24
Q

bacteriophage

A

also known informally as a phage (/ˈfeɪdʒ/), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. Hershey and chase studdied these to find out more about DNA.

25
Q

the two ends of a DNA helix consists of a:

A

free phosphate on one end and a free sugar on the other.

26
Q

each base pair is either small or large depending on its structure eg. adenine or guanine. Which base pairs fit together inside the width of the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

Adenine can form hydrogen bonds only with thymine, and guanine can form hydrogen bonds only with cytosine. These A–T and G–C pairs are called complementary base pairs.

27
Q

DNA helicases

A

en­zymes that break the DNA helix”) pull apart the parental double helix, so that the bases of the two DNA strands are no longer bonded to one another.

28
Q

DNA polymerases

A

enzymes that synthesize a DNA polymer move along each separated parental DNA strand, matching bases on the parental strands with complemen­tary free nucleotides

29
Q

In making each new double helix, DNA replication uses, or conserves, one parental DNA strand and synthesizes one new strand, so the process is called:

A

semiconservative replication

30
Q

DNA polymerase always moves in what direction along a DNA strand?

A

always moves away from the 3¿ end of a parental DNA strand (the end with the free hydroxyl group of the sugar) toward the 5¿ end (with a free phosphate group).

31
Q

leading strand of DNA rplication?

A

the leading strand or leading polymerase is the one that follows in the direction of the DNA helicases deperating the dna h double helix. only one strand can be replicated in this direction. 3 to 5.

32
Q

DNA polymerase #2

A

is the DNA polymerase which replicates the DNA in the opposing direction to that of a DNA helicace protein.Therefore, DNA synthesis on this strand will be dis- continuous: DNA polymerase #2 will synthesize a short new DNA strand, called the lagging strand, but mean- while, the helicase continues to move to the left, unwinding more of the double helix

33
Q

other short lagging strand synthesis:

A

Additional DNA polymerases (#3, #4, and so on) land on this strand and synthesize more short lagging strands.

34
Q

DNA ligase

A

(“an enzyme that ties DNA together”; Many DNA ligase enzymes stitch the fragments of DNA together until each daughter strand consists of one long, continuous DNA polymer.

35
Q

nucleotide substitution mutation

A

when an enzyme built to restore mutations accidentally replaces a normal nuecleotide on the parent DNA strand. with a different complimentary base pair, therefore creating a mutation. these mutations are permanent as the base pairs are complimentary.

36
Q

An insertion mutation occurs when:

A

one or more nucleotide pairs are inserted into the DNA double helix. these mutations are permanent as the base pairs are complimentary.

37
Q

A deletion mutation occurs when

A

one or more nucleotide pairs are removed from the double helix. these mutations are permanent as the base pairs are complimentary.

38
Q

A translocation results when;

A

a chunk of DNA, sometimes very large, is removed from one chromosome and attached to a different one

39
Q

RNA the 3 differences to DNA

A

similar to DNA but differs in three respects: (1) Instead of the deoxyribose sugar found in DNA, the backbone of RNA contains the sugar ribose (the “R” in RNA); (2) RNA is usually single-stranded instead of double-stranded; and (3) RNA has the base uracil instead of the base thymine

40
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

like a molecular photocopy, carries the information to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it will be used to direct protein synthesis

41
Q

codons

A

groups of three bases in mRNA, specify which amino acids will be produced by the ribosome.

42
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) function:

A

delivers amino acids to a ribosome, where they will be incorporated into a protein. Every cell synthesizes at least one type of tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids used in proteins.

43
Q

anticodon

A

group of three bases which protrude from a tRNA attaching to amino acids in the cytosol. the tRNA then transport these amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

44
Q

ribosomal

RNA (rRNA)

A

multiple ribosomal RNA make up a ribosome. they consist of a small and a large sub unit.

45
Q

The small ribosomal subunit has;

A

binding sites for mRNA, a “start” tRNA, and several proteins that are essential for assembling the ribosome and beginning protein synthesis.

46
Q

The large ribosomal subunit has:

A

bind- ing sites for two tRNA molecules and a site that catalyzes the formation of the peptide bonds that join amino acids into proteins. During protein synthesis, the two subunits come to- gether, clasping an mRNA molecule between them

47
Q

During transcription

A

the information contained in the DNA of a gene is copied into RNA. The base sequence of mRNA encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein. In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus.

48
Q

During protein synthesis, or translation,

A

the mRNA base sequence is decoded. Messenger RNA binds to a ribosome, where base pairing between mRNA and tRNA (which brings amino acids to the ribosome) converts the base sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of the protein. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, so translation occurs there as well.

49
Q

Translation always begins with the codon AUG, appro- priately known as the

A

start codon (codes for the amino acid methionine)

50
Q

Three codons—UAG, UAA, and UGA—are

A

stop codons

51
Q

When the ribosome encounters a stop codon:

A

it releases both the newly synthesized protein and the mRNA.

52
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of RNA. Near the beginning of every gene is a DNA sequence called the promoter. When RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of a gene, the DNA double helix at the beginning of the gene unwinds and transcription begins

53
Q

template strand

A

RNA polymerase travels down one of the DNA strands, called the template strand, synthesizing a single strand of RNA with bases complementary to those in the DNA

BIO100 CSU (11 decks)

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