Module 4 - Animal structure and function Flashcards
Homeostasis and the six factors:
organisms ability to maintain its internal environment. dynamic equilibrium of temperature, salt, oxygen, glucose, pH, and water levels. maintain and adjust depending on what is best for survival.
Ectotherms
(Greek for “outside heat”) derive most of their heat from the environment. Reptiles (except for birds), amphibians, and most fish and invertebrates are ectotherms.
Endotherms
Endotherms (Greek for “inside heat”) produce most of their heat by metabolic reactions. Birds and mammals are the most common types of endotherms,
internal negative feed-back systems
counteract the effects of changes in the internal environment and are principally responsible for maintaining homeostasis;
positive feedback systems
create cycles in which changes amplify themselves. changing conditions cause responses that enhance the change.
negative feedback systems contain three principal components:
- a sensor,
- a control center, and
- an effector.
The sensor detects the current condition, the control center compares that condition to a desired state called the set point, and the effector produces an output that restores the desired condition.
hypothalamus
regulator in vertebraes (thermostat)
organ systems
For example, the urinary system is an organ system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra;
Epithelial tissue
forms both membranes and glands. Epithelial membranes cover both internal and external body surfaces, forming the epidermis of skin and coating the outer surfaces of internal organs.
simple epithelium
Epithelial membrane which is only one cell thick
stratified epithelium
contain more than one cell layer. withstands considerable wear and tear. Stratified epithelium is found in the esophagus and in the skin
Connective tissue function as
a group of tissues that support and strengthen other tissues and help to bind the cells of other tissues together, such as skin or muscles. it has a large amount of extracellular matrix relative to cells.
Dense connective contain__ and some tissue examples:
tightly packed with collagen fibers. In tendons (which con- nect muscles to bones) and ligaments (which connect bones to bones),
Specialized connective tissue
includes cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph.
4 Major tissue types:
epithelial tissue,
connective tissue,
muscle tissue,
and nerve tissue
Lymph
consists largely of liquid that has leaked out of blood capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels), plus white blood cells.
muscle tissue
The long, thin cells of muscle tissue are packed with two types of fibrous proteins that slide past one another when stimulated, shortening (contracting) the muscle cell.
Skeletal muscle
is stimulated by the nervous system and is generally under voluntary, or conscious, control. large muscles.
Cardiac muscle
spontaneously active, under involuntary (unconscious) control. desmosomes and gap junctions allow electrical signals to spread rapidly throughout
the heart, causing coordinated cardiac muscle contraction.
Smooth muscle is found
embedded in the walls of the digestive and respiratory tracts, uterus, bladder, larger blood vessels, skin, and in the iris of the eye. Smooth muscle produces slow, sustained contractions that are typically involuntary
nerve tissue
are specialized to generate electrical signals and to conduct these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Vertebrate organ systems include; (10)
respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic or immune, digestive, urinary, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, and reproductive systems
Closed circulatory system
confine the blood within blood vessels. worm
open circulatory system
bath organs in blood