Module 7

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

A series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP.

Question 2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 2

A set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons from reduced electron carriers along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Question 3

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 3

The system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins from an electron donor to a final electron acceptor.

Question 4

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

Answer 4

An electron carrier that produces 2.5 molecules of ATP via the ETC.

Question 5

Glycolysis

Answer 5

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Anaerobic.

Question 6

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 6

Pyruvate is oxidized to another molecule called acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), producing reduced electron carriers and releasing carbon dioxide.

Question 7

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 7

The main source of energy in cells.

Question 8

Proton Gradient

Answer 8

A difference of charges between membranes.

Question 9

Fermentation

Answer 9

A process for extracting energy from fuel molecules that does not rely on oxygen or an electron transport chain but instead uses an organic molecule as an electron acceptor.

Question 10

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 10

The fermentation pathway in animals and bacteria during which electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate, producing lactic acid and NAD+.

Question 11

Ethanol Fermentation

Answer 11

The fermentation pathway in plants and fungi in which the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, undergoes decarboxylation (carbon dioxide is removed) to form acetaldehyde. This is followed by transfer of electrons from NADH to acetaldehyde, resulting in ethanol and NAD+.

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

The form in which glucose is stored in animals.

Question 13

Monosaccharide

Answer 13

One sugar.

Question 14

Beta-Oxidation

Answer 14

The process of shortening fatty acids by a series of reactions that sequentially remove two carbon units from their ends. Doesn’t produce ATP but produces NADH and FADH2. End product is acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.

Question 15

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Answer 15

A phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate. The process by which ATP is synthesized by a hydrolysis reaction involving an enzyme/substrate complex.

Question 16

Electron Carriers

Answer 16

A molecule that carries electrons (and energy) from one set of reactions to another.

Question 17

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (REDOX Reactions)

Answer 17

Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another.

Question 18

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

Answer 18

An electron carrier that produces 1.5 molecules of ATP via ETC.

Question 19

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

Answer 19

Acetyl-CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released.

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

Where the final 3 stages of cellular respiration occur.

Question 21

Intermembrane Space

Answer 21

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Question 22

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 22

The space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 23

ATP Synthase

Answer 23

An enzyme that couples the movement of protons through the enzyme with the synthesis of ATP. Converts one form of energy into energy in the bonds of ATP.

Question 24

Aerobic

Answer 24

Requires oxygen.

Question 25

Anaerobic

Answer 25

Does not require oxygen.

Question 26

Starch

Answer 26

The storage forms of carbohydrates in plants.

Question 27

Disaccharide

Answer 27

Two sugars.

Question 28

Fatty Acid

Answer 28

A long chain of reduced carbons attached to a carboxyl group.

Question 29

Oxidation

Answer 29

Loss of electrons.

Question 30

Reduction

Answer 30

Gain of electrons.

Question 31

Oxidized

Answer 31

The molecule that loses electrons.

Question 32

Reduced

Answer 32

The molecule that gains electrons.

Question 33

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Answer 33

1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate Oxidation
3) Citric Acid Cycle
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 34

Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

Answer 34

A mobile electron acceptor that transports electrons from complexes I and II to complex III in the electron transport chain and moves protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

Question 35

Cytochrome c

Answer 35

The enzyme to which electrons are transferred from complex III of the respiratory electron transport chain to complex IV.

Question 36

Fo Subunit

Answer 36

Forms a channel that rotates as protons pass through it.

Question 37

F1 Subunit

Answer 37

Uses the rotational energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP.

Question 38

Chemiosmosis

Answer 38

The movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 39

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Answer 39

The enzyme that catalyze the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. AMP and ADP activate the protein. ATP inhibits the protein. Citrate is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme.

Question 40

Phases of Glycolysis

Answer 40

1) Preparatory Phase (where energy is consumed)
2) Cleavage Phase (where glucose is split into two)
3) Payoff Phase (where ATP is one of the products)

Question 41

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Answer 41

A group of enzymes used in pyruvate oxidation.

Question 42

Preparatory Phase

Answer 42

Using 2 ATPs to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Question 43

Cleavage Phase

Answer 43

Splitting the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 glyceraldehyde.

Question 44

Payoff Phase

Answer 44

Produce 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.