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BIOL 130 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Contains the genetic information of the cell.

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2
Q

Purines

A

Double ring structure (A and G).

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3
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single ring structure (T, U, and C).

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4
Q

Double Helix

A

The structure formed by two strands of complementary nucleotides that coil around each other.

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5
Q

Base Stacking

A

Stabilizing hydrophobic interactions between bases in the same strand of DNA.

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6
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid. A molecule chemically related to DNA, synthesized as a complement to its DNA template, and involved in protein synthesis, among other functions.

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7
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

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8
Q

Gene Expression

A

The production of a functional gene product, such as a protein.

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9
Q

Template Strand

A

The strand of DNA that is used to synthesize a complementary daughter strand.

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10
Q

Non-Template Strand

A

The strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthesis during transcription (it matches the RNA sequence).

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11
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

The enzyme that builds the chain of mRNA.

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12
Q

5’-3’

A

The strand that is being synthesize (the direction of synthesis).

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13
Q

3’-5’

A

The strand that is being used as a template.

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14
Q

Transcriptional Activator Protein

A

A protein in eukaryotes that binds to a sequence in DNA to enable transcription to begin.

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15
Q

Enhancer

A

A specific DNA sequence located upstream, downstream, or within a gene that is necessary for transcription.

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16
Q

Promoter

A

A regulatory region where RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to the DNA duplex in the process of transcription.

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17
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. The RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis. It carries the genetic “message” from the DNA to the ribosome.

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18
Q

RNA Processing

A

Converts the primary transcript into the finished mRNA which can then be translated by the ribosome.

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19
Q

Polyadenylation

A

The addition of a long string of consecutive A-bearing ribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the primary transcript.

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20
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

A process in which primary transcripts from the same gene are spliced in different ways to yield different mRNAs and therefore different protein products.

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21
Q

Nucleotides

A

A nucleic acid consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups.

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22
Q

Nucleosides

A

A molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.

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23
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A
  • C - O - PO2 - O - C
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24
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

An electrostatic interaction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule.

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25
Q

Replication

A

The process of copying DNA so genetic information can be passed from cell to cell or from an organism to its progeny.

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26
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA —> RNA —> Protein

27
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of mRNA.

28
Q

Ribosomes

A

A complex structure of RNA and protein that synthesizes proteins form amino acids as directed by the sequence of mRNA.

29
Q

RNA Transcript

A

The RNA sequence synthesized from a DNA template.

30
Q

Initiation (Transcription)

A

RNA polymerase and other proteins are attracted to double-stranded DNA, the DNA strands are separated, and transcription of the template strand begins.

31
Q

Elongation (Transcription)

A

RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end.

32
Q

Termination (Transcription)

A

RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template strand that causes transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released.

33
Q

TATA Box

A

A DNA sequence present in many promoters in eukaryotes and archaea that serves as a protein-binding site for a key general transcription factor.

34
Q

Sigma Factor

A

A protein in bacteria that associates with RNA polymerase that facilitates its binding to specific promoters.

35
Q

General Transcription Factors

A

A protein in eukaryotes that binds to the promoter of a gene whose combined action is necessary for transcription.

36
Q

Primary Transcript

A

The initial RNA transcript that is synthesized as a complement to the template DNA strand.

37
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

A single molecule of messenger RNA that is formed by the transcription of a group of functionally related genes located next to one another along bacterial DNA aka one mRNA codes for many different proteins.

38
Q

5’ Cap

A

The addition of a 7-methylguanosine to the mRNA.

39
Q

RNA Splicing

A

The process of joining exons and removing introns.

40
Q

Introns

A

An intervening sequence that is removed from the primary transcript during RNA splicing (the portion of mRNA that doesn’t code for anything).

41
Q

Exons

A

A sequence that is left intact in mRNA after RNA splicing and therefore expressed in the protein (the portion of mRNA that codes for proteins).

42
Q

Frederick Griffith (1928)

A

Conducted the experiment with mice and bacteria. Live, non-virulent bacteria had no effect as did dead-virulent bacteria but together they killed the mice. The dead-virulent bacteria somehow made the live, non-virulent bacteria deadly.

43
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1940s)

A

Took a solution of dead-virulent bacteria and treated it 3 different ways to destroy a specific aspect, the DNA, RNA, and protein. When these solutions were used to treat live, non-virulent bacteria, all of them except the one used with damaged DNA transformed the live, non-virulent bacteria to virulent bacteria.

44
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

A=T and G=C.

45
Q

Major Groove

A

The larger of two uneven grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex.

46
Q

Minor Groove

A

The smaller of two unequal grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex.

47
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

The enzyme that carries out the synthesis of the new strand of DNA.

48
Q

Mutation

A

Any heritable change in the genetic material. Result from an error in replication or a mutagen, such as radiation or chemicals.

49
Q

RNA World Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the earliest organisms relied on RNA for both catalysis and information storage.

50
Q

Terminator

A

A DNA sequence at which transcription stops and the transcript is released.

51
Q

Mediator Complex

A

A complex of proteins that interacts with the Pol II complex and allows transcription to being.

52
Q

Poly(A) Tail

A

The nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the primary transcript by polyadenylation.

53
Q

Spliceosome

A

A complex of RNA and protein that catalyzes RNA splicing.

54
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation.

55
Q

Nucleolus

A

A distinct, dense, non-membrane-bound structure within the nucleus that contains the genes and transcripts for ribosomal RNA.

56
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation.

57
Q

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA found in eukaryotes and involved in splicing, polyadenylation, and other processes in the nucleus.

58
Q

microRNA (miRNA)

A

Small, regulatory RNA molecules that can cleave or destabilize RNA or inhibits its translation.

59
Q

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

A

A type of small double-stranded regulatory RNA that becomes part of a complex able to cleave and destroy single-stranded RNA with a complementary sequence.

60
Q

Enzyme Reverse Transcriptase

A

Catalyzes reverse transcription.

61
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

Uses an RNA template for the synthesis of DNA.

62
Q

Ribonucleotide Triphosphates

A

ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP. Used in transcription.

63
Q

RNA-DNA Duplex

A

8 base pairs that are attached together in a transcription bubble.

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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