Module 1 Flashcards
Cell
The smallest and simplest unit of life that exists.
Cytoplasm
The space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Cytosol
Jelly-like internal fluid environment of a cell (cytoplasm minus organelles). Contains water, dissolved ions, and molecules.
Prokaryote
A cell without a nucleus.
Eukaryote
A cell with a nucleus.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Stores the genetic information of the cell. Has a double helix due to the hydrogen bonding between the nucleotide pairs (A-T) and (G-C).
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid.
Protein
Molecules that provide structure and do much of the work of the cell.
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Translation
The synthesis of proteins from an RNA template.
Vacuole
A membrane-bound organelle present in some cells, including plant and fungal cells, that contains fluid, ions, and other molecules. It absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure.
Lysosome
Membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes.
Cytoskeleton
Internal protein scaffolding. Can be remodelled quickly.
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Separates the living material within the cell from the nonliving environment around it. Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
Cell Wall
A structural layer external to the cell membrane that helps maintain the shape and internal composition of the cell. Present in plants, fungi, many protists, archaea, and bacteria.
Organelle
Any one of several compartments in eukaryotes that divides the cell contents into smaller spaces specialized for different functions.
Nucleus
The compartment of the cell that houses the DNA in chromosomes.
Nuclear Envelope
Defines boundary of the nucleus and contains an inner and outer membrane with nuclear pores.
Mitochondria
Produce energy in the form of ATP.
Chloroplasts
An organelle in photosynthetic eukaryotes that converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy by synthesizing carbohydrates via photosynthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Complex network of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs. Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Have ribosomes for protein synthesis.