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BIOL 130 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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2
Q

Cell Junctions

A

A complex of proteins in the cell membrane where a cell makes contact with another cell or the extracellular matrix (physically connect one cell to the next and anchor cells to the extracellular matrix).

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3
Q

Microfilaments

A

A double helix of actin monomers. Smallest diameter. Maintain cell shape and used in muscle cell contractions.

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4
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

A strong fiber composed of intermediate filament protein subunits. Medium diameter. Provide cells with mechanical strength.

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5
Q

Alpha Tubulin

A

One half of a tubulin dimer.

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6
Q

Beta Tubulin

A

One half of a tubulin dimer.

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7
Q

Dynamic Instability

A

Cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in microtubules.

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8
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Any of various proteins that are involved in intracellular transport or cause muscle contraction by moving the actin microfilaments inside the muscle cells (small accessory proteins).

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9
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Allow cells to attach to other cells and to the extracellular matrix.

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10
Q

Integrins

A

Integral transmembrane glycoproteins for cells to attach to ECM. Occurs between the cell and the ECM. Attaches to the cytoskeleton.

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11
Q

Adherens Junction

A

A beltlike junctional complex composed of cadherins that attaches a band of actin to the cell membrane (goes around the circumference of the cell).

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12
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

A type of cell junction that anchors cells to the extracellular matrix (like desmosomes but use integrins not cadherins).

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13
Q

Gap Junction

A

A type of connection between the cell membranes of adjacent animal cells that permits material to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another (cell-to-cell communication).

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14
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

A meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides outside animal cells. The main constituent of connective tissue. For plants it is the cell wall and for animals it is abundant connective tissue. Influence the shape of the cells and the gene expression of the cells.

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15
Q

Laminin

A

A fibrous protein present in the basal lamina of the epithelia.

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

An internal protein scaffold that helps cells to maintain their shape and serves as a network of tracks for the movement of substances within cells.

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

A hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers (α and β). Largest diameter. Maintain cell shape and make up spindles in cell division.

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18
Q

Actin

A

A protein that forms microfilaments. It associates with the motor protein myosin in muscles to contract and generate force.

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19
Q

Centrosome

A

A compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cells.

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20
Q

Myosin

A

A motor protein found in cells that carries cargo to the plus ends of microfilaments and is also used by both striated and smooth muscles to contract and generate force.

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21
Q

Kinesin

A

Moves the cargo towards the microtubule’s plus end.

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22
Q

Dynein

A

Moves the cargo towards the microtubule’s minus end.

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23
Q

Cadherins

A

Integral transmembrane glycoproteins for cell-to-cell attachment. Occurs in the extracellular domain. Attaches to the cytoskeleton.

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24
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Connect adjacent cells and are reinforced by the cytoskeleton.

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25
Q

Desmosomes

A

A buttonlike cell junction that holds the cell membranes of adjacent cells together (specific spots of dense clusters of cadherins).

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26
Q

Tight Junction

A

Prevent the movement of substances through the space between cells. Able to seal the extracellular space.

27
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connections between the cell membranes of adjacent plant cells that permit molecules to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another (are continuous). Allow plant cells to transfer RNA molecules and proteins.

28
Q

Collagen

A

The most abundant protein in the animal ECM. Composed of intertwined fibers (triple helix) that makes it stronger than if it were a single fiber of the same diameter.

29
Q

Basal Lamina (Basement Membrane)

A

A specialized form of extracellular matrix that underlies and supports all epithelial tissues. Acts as a scaffold for other proteins to assemble on.

30
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues that combine and function together.

31
Q

4 Types of Tissues in Animals

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Nervous
4) Muscle

32
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of cells in multicellular organisms such as plants and animals that serves as a water-resistant and protective barrier.

33
Q

Dermis

A

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis. It supports the epidermis both physically and by supplying it with nutrients and provides a cushion surrounding the body. Contains nerves and blood vessels.

34
Q

Plus End

A

The faster-assembling end. Project outwards toward the cell membrane.

35
Q

Minus End

A

The slower-assembling end.

36
Q

Cilia

A

A hairlike structure that extends from the surface of cells.

37
Q

Nonmotile Cilia

A

Non-moving cilia.

38
Q

Motile Cilia

A

Moving cilia.

39
Q

3 Major Types and Functions of Cell Junctions

A

1) Anchoring (connect cells together).
2) Barrier (prevent substances from going through).
3) Communicating (allow for cell communication).

40
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers the outside of the body and lines many internal structures of the body.

41
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epithelial cells specialized to protect underlying tissues and organs.

42
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce the pigments of skin.

43
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides structure and support.

44
Q

Fibroblast

A

Found in the dermis. Produces the extracellular matrix.

45
Q

Microfilament Functions

A

1) Transport of materials inside cells.
2) Shortening of muscle cells during contraction.
3) Separation of daughter cells at the end of animal cell division.

46
Q

Microtubule Catastrophe

A

A dramatic shrinkage.

47
Q

Types of Cell Junctions

A

1) Adherens Junctions
2) Desmosomes
3) Hemidesmosomes
4) Tight Junctions
5) Gap Junctions

48
Q

Intracellularly Adherens Junctions

A

The belt of cadherins attaches to a band of actin microfilaments in the cytoplasm. Near the apical side (facing outside the cell body).

49
Q

Extracellularly Adherens Junctions

A

The cadherins in adjacent cells attach to each other.

50
Q

ECM Functions

A

1) Act as a supportive and protective material.
2) Allow for expression of different cell functions.

51
Q

Cell Wall Layers

A

1) Middle Lamella
2) Primary Cell Wall
3) Secondary Cell Wall

52
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Made of carbohydrates. Main mechanism by which plant cells adhere to one another.

53
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose fibers, pectin, and several other proteins. Thin and flexible.

54
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

Made of cellulose and lignin. Hardens the cell wall and makes it water resistant. Rigid.

55
Q

Apical

A

Facing outside the cell body or lumen.

56
Q

Basal

A

Attached to basal lamina.

57
Q

Type I Collagen

A

The most abundant type of collagen. Found in the dermis of human skin and provides support.

58
Q

Fibril

A

Composed of collagen bundles.

59
Q

Fibers

A

Composed of fibrils.

60
Q

Animal ECM

A

Composed of large fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin, and laminin.

61
Q

Keratins

A

Intermediate filaments found in epithelial cells.

62
Q

Vimentins

A

Intermediate filaments found in fibroblasts.

63
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Intermediate filaments found in neurons.

64
Q

Lamins

A

Intermediate filaments found in the nucleus.

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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