Module 2 Flashcards
Elements
A pure substance that cannot be further broken down by the methods of chemistry ex. oxygen, O, and carbon, C.
Atoms
The basic unit of matter.
Orbital
A region in space where an electron is present most of the time.
Ionic Bond
Forms between oppositely charged ions.
Hydrogen Bond
A hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom resulting in partial charges.
Chemical Reaction
Involves breaking and forming chemical bonds.
Reactants
A substance that takes part or undergoes change during a reaction.
Hydrophilic
Water loving, polar.
Organic Molecule
A molecule containing carbon atoms, usually in chains or rings.
Proteins
Provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions. Made up of amino acids.
Carbohydrates
Provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae. Made up of saccharides.
Monosaccharides
One saccharide.
Functional Groups
Groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties on their own, regardless of what they are attached to.
Phosphodiester Bond
- C - O - P=O-O - O - C
Lipids
Make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signalling molecules.
Fatty Acids
A long chain of carbon atoms attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end.
Phospholipids
A type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane.
Nucleus
Contains the genetic information of the cell.
Protons
Small, positive charges located in the nucleus.
Neutrons
Small, neutral particles located in the nucleus.
Electrons
Small, negative charges located in orbitals.
Molecule
Groups of two or more atoms attached together that act as a single cell.
Covalent Bond
When two atoms share electrons.
Polar
A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge.
Non-Polar
Compounds that do not have regions of positive and negative charge.
Products
A substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.
Hydrophobic
Water fearing, non-polar.
pH
A measure of the concentration of protons in solution.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Contains the genetic information of the cell.
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid. Used for transcription and translation.
Nucleotides
A molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nucleic acid base, and one or more phosphate groups.
Nucleosides
Has just base and sugar, no phosphate group.
Disaccharides
Two saccharides.
Polysaccharides
Multiple saccharides.
Glycosidic Bond
- C - O - C -
Fatty Acid
A long chain of carbon with hydrogens attached to a carboxyl group.
Triacylglycerol
A lipid composed of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. Used for energy storage.
Glycerol
A 3-carbon molecule with OH groups attached to each carbon.
Steroids
A type of lipid, the precursor molecule for cholesterol and steroid hormones.
Amino
-NH2, polar, positive, basic, hydrophilic.
Amide
-C(=O)NH-, polar, hydrophilic
Carboxyl
-COOH, polar, negative, acidic, hydrophilic
Carbonyl
-C=O, polar, hydrophilic
Hydroxyl
-OH, polar, hydrophilic
Sulfhydryl
-SH, polar, forms S-S disulfide bonds
Methyl
-CH3, non-polar
Phosphate
-OPO3H2, polar, negative, hydrophilic
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Ions
Electrically charged atoms.
Shell/Energy Level
One or more orbital zones within an atom where electrons occur.
Dmitri Mendeleev
A nineteenth-century Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements.
Chemical Bond
Any form of attraction between atoms that holds them together.
Valence Electrons
An electron in the outer shell of an atom which can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.
Molecular Bond
A merged orbital moved by a pair of shared electrons.
The Octet Rule
The tendency of electrons to prefer eight electrons in the shell thus allowing for the formation of stable molecules. Applies to many, but not all, elements.
Polar Covalent Bond
Unequal sharing of electrons in a bond.
∂+
Slight positive charge.
∂-
Slight negative charge.
Electronegativity
The ability of the atoms to attract electrons. Tends to increase across a row in the periodic table. As the number of positively charged protons across a row increases, negatively charged electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus.
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond between atoms that have the same, or nearly the same, electronegativity.
Polar Molecule
A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge.
Solvent
A liquid capable of dissolving a substance.
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules resulting in high surface tension.
Neutral
[H+] = [OH-], pH is 7.
Acidic
[H+] > [OH-], pH is less than 7.
Basic
[H+] < [OH-], pH is greater than 7.
Acid
A molecule that releases a proton.
Base
A molecule that accepts a proton.
Isomers
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Nucleic Acids
Encode and transmit genetic information. Made up of nucleotides.
Polymers
Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds.
Monomers
The building blocks of polymers.
Enzymes
A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction. Are critical in determining which chemical reactions take place in a cell.
Amino Acid Structure
H2N - CH - COOH
R
Peptide Bond
- C=O - N
Ribonucleotide
A ribose sugar (OH) attached to a phosphate and a nucleotide base.
Deoxyribonucleotide
A deoxyribose sugar (H) attached to a phosphate and a nucleotide base.
Pyrimidine
Have a single ring and includes cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Purine
Have a double ring and includes guanine (G) and adenine (A).
Complex Carbohydrates
A long, branched chain of monosaccharides.
Aldoses
Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group.
Ketoses
Monosaccharides with a ketone group.
Ester Bond
- C - O - C=O - C -
Saturated Fatty Acids
No double bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Double bonds.
Van der Waals Forces
The attraction of temporarily polarized molecules that results from opposite charges.
Cholesterol
A component of animal cell membranes and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
Condensation Synthesis
When monomers combine with each other to form covalent bonds, release water molecules as byproduct of synthesis. Requires energy.
Hydrolysis
When polymers breakdown into monomers, a water molecule is inserted across the bond. Releases energy.
Zwitterion
An ion that contains two functional groups with 2 different charges.
Saccharides
Contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms and may be linear or cyclic.
Oligosaccharides
A few monosaccharides joining.
Amphipathic
Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Coenzymes/Cofactors
Organic non-protein molecules needed for enzyme function.
5’ End
Beginning of the chain.
3’ End
New nucleotides can be added.
Glycoproteins
Sugar attached to a protein.
Glycolipids
Sugar attached to a lipid.
