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BIOL 130 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

A pure substance that cannot be further broken down by the methods of chemistry ex. oxygen, O, and carbon, C.

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2
Q

Atoms

A

The basic unit of matter.

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3
Q

Orbital

A

A region in space where an electron is present most of the time.

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4
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Forms between oppositely charged ions.

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom resulting in partial charges.

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6
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Involves breaking and forming chemical bonds.

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7
Q

Reactants

A

A substance that takes part or undergoes change during a reaction.

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8
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving, polar.

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9
Q

Organic Molecule

A

A molecule containing carbon atoms, usually in chains or rings.

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions. Made up of amino acids.

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae. Made up of saccharides.

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

One saccharide.

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13
Q

Functional Groups

A

Groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties on their own, regardless of what they are attached to.

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14
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A
  • C - O - P=O-O - O - C
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15
Q

Lipids

A

Make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signalling molecules.

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16
Q

Fatty Acids

A

A long chain of carbon atoms attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end.

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17
Q

Phospholipids

A

A type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane.

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic information of the cell.

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19
Q

Protons

A

Small, positive charges located in the nucleus.

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20
Q

Neutrons

A

Small, neutral particles located in the nucleus.

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21
Q

Electrons

A

Small, negative charges located in orbitals.

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22
Q

Molecule

A

Groups of two or more atoms attached together that act as a single cell.

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23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

When two atoms share electrons.

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24
Q

Polar

A

A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge.

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25
Q

Non-Polar

A

Compounds that do not have regions of positive and negative charge.

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26
Q

Products

A

A substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.

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27
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing, non-polar.

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28
Q

pH

A

A measure of the concentration of protons in solution.

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29
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Contains the genetic information of the cell.

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30
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid. Used for transcription and translation.

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31
Q

Nucleotides

A

A molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nucleic acid base, and one or more phosphate groups.

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32
Q

Nucleosides

A

Has just base and sugar, no phosphate group.

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33
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two saccharides.

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34
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Multiple saccharides.

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35
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A
  • C - O - C -
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36
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A long chain of carbon with hydrogens attached to a carboxyl group.

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37
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. Used for energy storage.

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38
Q

Glycerol

A

A 3-carbon molecule with OH groups attached to each carbon.

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39
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid, the precursor molecule for cholesterol and steroid hormones.

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39
Q

Amino

A

-NH2, polar, positive, basic, hydrophilic.

39
Q

Amide

A

-C(=O)NH-, polar, hydrophilic

39
Q

Carboxyl

A

-COOH, polar, negative, acidic, hydrophilic

39
Q

Carbonyl

A

-C=O, polar, hydrophilic

40
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH, polar, hydrophilic

41
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH, polar, forms S-S disulfide bonds

42
Q

Methyl

A

-CH3, non-polar

43
Q

Phosphate

A

-OPO3H2, polar, negative, hydrophilic

44
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

45
Q

Ions

A

Electrically charged atoms.

46
Q

Shell/Energy Level

A

One or more orbital zones within an atom where electrons occur.

47
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

A

A nineteenth-century Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements.

48
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Any form of attraction between atoms that holds them together.

49
Q

Valence Electrons

A

An electron in the outer shell of an atom which can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.

50
Q

Molecular Bond

A

A merged orbital moved by a pair of shared electrons.

51
Q

The Octet Rule

A

The tendency of electrons to prefer eight electrons in the shell thus allowing for the formation of stable molecules. Applies to many, but not all, elements.

52
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons in a bond.

53
Q

∂+

A

Slight positive charge.

54
Q

∂-

A

Slight negative charge.

55
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of the atoms to attract electrons. Tends to increase across a row in the periodic table. As the number of positively charged protons across a row increases, negatively charged electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus.

56
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that have the same, or nearly the same, electronegativity.

57
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge.

58
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid capable of dissolving a substance.

59
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules resulting in high surface tension.

60
Q

Neutral

A

[H+] = [OH-], pH is 7.

61
Q

Acidic

A

[H+] > [OH-], pH is less than 7.

62
Q

Basic

A

[H+] < [OH-], pH is greater than 7.

63
Q

Acid

A

A molecule that releases a proton.

64
Q

Base

A

A molecule that accepts a proton.

65
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures.

66
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Encode and transmit genetic information. Made up of nucleotides.

67
Q

Polymers

A

Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds.

68
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers.

69
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction. Are critical in determining which chemical reactions take place in a cell.

70
Q

Amino Acid Structure

A

H2N - CH - COOH
R

71
Q

Peptide Bond

A
  • C=O - N
72
Q

Ribonucleotide

A

A ribose sugar (OH) attached to a phosphate and a nucleotide base.

73
Q

Deoxyribonucleotide

A

A deoxyribose sugar (H) attached to a phosphate and a nucleotide base.

74
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Have a single ring and includes cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

75
Q

Purine

A

Have a double ring and includes guanine (G) and adenine (A).

76
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

A long, branched chain of monosaccharides.

77
Q

Aldoses

A

Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group.

78
Q

Ketoses

A

Monosaccharides with a ketone group.

79
Q

Ester Bond

A
  • C - O - C=O - C -
80
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

No double bonds.

81
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Double bonds.

82
Q

Van der Waals Forces

A

The attraction of temporarily polarized molecules that results from opposite charges.

83
Q

Cholesterol

A

A component of animal cell membranes and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

84
Q

Condensation Synthesis

A

When monomers combine with each other to form covalent bonds, release water molecules as byproduct of synthesis. Requires energy.

85
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When polymers breakdown into monomers, a water molecule is inserted across the bond. Releases energy.

86
Q

Zwitterion

A

An ion that contains two functional groups with 2 different charges.

87
Q

Saccharides

A

Contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms and may be linear or cyclic.

88
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

A few monosaccharides joining.

89
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

90
Q

Coenzymes/Cofactors

A

Organic non-protein molecules needed for enzyme function.

91
Q

5’ End

A

Beginning of the chain.

92
Q

3’ End

A

New nucleotides can be added.

93
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Sugar attached to a protein.

94
Q

Glycolipids

A

Sugar attached to a lipid.

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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