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BIOL 130 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

A two-layered structure of the cell membrane with hydrophilic heads pointing outward toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails oriented inward away from water.

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2
Q

Passive Transport

A

The movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require energy.

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3
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of substances across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient, requiring an input of energy.

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4
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Active transport that uses the energy of an electrochemical gradient to drive the movement of ions or molecules against their concentration gradients.

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from areas of higher to lower concentration as a result of their random thermal motion.

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6
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plant cell will pull away from surrounding cell wall.

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of a solvent, such as water, across a selectively permeable membrane towards the side of higher solute concentration.

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8
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure needed to prevent water from moving from one solution into another by osmosis.

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9
Q

Crenation

A

Animal cells will shrivel and die.

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10
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal concentrations on either side of the membrane.

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11
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

One with a solute concentration lower than that inside the cell.

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12
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

The solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell.

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The entire contents of the cell minus the nucleus.

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

The region outside the organelles but inside the plasma membrane.

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15
Q

Endomembrane System (EMS)

A

The system of interconnected organelles within the cell that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the cell membrane, and the vesicles that move between them.

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16
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The cell structure, composed of two membranes, inner and outer, that defines the boundary of the nucleus.

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17
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

A protein channel in the nuclear envelope that allows molecules to move into and out of the nucleus and is thus essential for the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell.

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18
Q

Lysosomes

A

A vesicle derived from the Golgi apparatus that contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates. Play a key role in intracellular digestion and the recycling of organic compounds.

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that harness energy from chemical compounds such as sugars and convert it into ATP which serves as the universal energy currency of the cell.

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20
Q

Amphipathic

A

Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

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21
Q

Integral Membrane Protein

A

A protein that is permanently associated with the cell membrane and cannot be separated form the membrane experimentally without destroying the membrane itself. Mostly transmembrane proteins.

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22
Q

Peripheral Membrane Protein

A

A protein that is temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer or with integral membrane proteins through weak non-covalent interactions. Can be associated with either the internal or external side of the membrane.

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23
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

A protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer.

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24
Q

Channel Protein

A

A membrane transporter with a passage that allows the movement of molecules through it.

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25
Q

Carrier Protein

A

A transporter that facilitates movement of molecules across a cell membrane.

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26
Q

Symporter

A

Protein transporters that move two molecules in the same direction.

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27
Q

Antiporter

A

Protein transporters that move two different molecules in opposite directions.

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28
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

A gradient that has a difference in charge and concentration.

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29
Q

Cell Wall

A

A structural layer external to the cell membrane that helps maintain the shape and internal composition of the cell. Present in plants, fungi, many protists, archaea, and bacteria.

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30
Q

Vacuole

A

Absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure.

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31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

An internal protein scaffold that helps cells to maintain their shape and serves as a network of tracks for the movement of substances within cells.

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32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An organelle composed of a network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

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33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

The organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations.

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34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles that capture the energy of sunlight to synthesize simple sugars.

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35
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model

A

A model that proposes that the lipid bilayer is a fluid structure that allows molecules to move laterally within the membrane and is a mosaic of different types of molecules, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

36
Q

Selective Permeable Membrane

A

The cell membrane lets some molecules in and out freely, it lets others in and out only under certain conditions, and it prevents still other molecules from passing through at all.

37
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Diffusion directly across the membrane.

38
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion across a cell membrane through a transmembrane protein such as a channel or carrier.

39
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Active transport that uses the energy of ATP directly to drive the movement of ions or molecules.

40
Q

Na+/K+-ATPase

A

Uses active transport to push Na+ ions out of the cell and take in K+ ions.

41
Q

Membranes

A

Physically separate cells from their external environment and define spaces within many cells that allow them to carry out their diverse functions. Are continuous, unbroken sheets that enclose compartments.

42
Q

Phospholipids

A

Made up of a glycerol backbone attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acids.

43
Q

Micelles

A

A spherical structure in which lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic tail are packed.

44
Q

Liposomes

A

An enclosed bilayer structure spontaneously formed by phospholipids in environments with neutral pH, like water. Can form, break, and re-form in environments.

45
Q

Fluid

A

The ability of membrane lipids to move in the plane of the membrane.

46
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid in membranes that helps maintain a consistent state of membrane fluidity by preventing dramatic transitions in fluidity as the temperature changes.

47
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

Lipids and other components such as proteins or carbohydrates may be found in discrete regions of the membrane.

48
Q

Transporters

A

A membrane protein that moves ions or other molecules across the cell membrane.

49
Q

Receptors

A

Allow the cell to receive signals from the environment.

50
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction. Are critical in determining which chemical reactions take place in a cell.

51
Q

Anchors

A

A membrane protein that attaches to other proteins and helps to maintain cell structure and shape.

52
Q

Homeostasis

A

The active regulation and maintenance of a stable internal physiological state in the face of a changing external environment.

53
Q

Aquaporins

A

A protein channel that allows water to cross the cell membrane more readily than by diffusing through the lipid bilayer.

54
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Organelles that take up excess water from inside the cell and then, by contraction, expel it into the external environment. Found in protists.

55
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Pressure within a cell resulting from the movement of water into the cell by osmosis and the tendency of the cell wall to resist deformation. Plant cells will push against surrounding cell wall.

56
Q

Vesicles

A

A small membrane-enclosed sac that transports substances within the cell.

57
Q

Exocytosis

A

When a vesicle from the cytoplasm fuses with the cell membrane and empties its contents into the extracellular space or delivers proteins to the cell membrane.

58
Q

Endocytosis

A

When a vesicle buds off from the cell membrane, bringing material from outside the cell into that vesicle, which can then fuse with other membranes inside the cell.

59
Q

Ribosomes

A

A complex structure of RNA and protein that synthesizes proteins from amino acids as directed by the sequence of mRNA.

60
Q

Lumen

A

In eukaryotes, the continuous interior of the endoplasmic reticulum and in plants, a fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. Generally, the interior of any tubelike structure.

61
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

The part of the endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes. Synthesizes transmembrane proteins, proteins that end up in the interior of organelles, and proteins destined for secretion.

62
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lack ribosomes. The site of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis.

63
Q

Cisternae

A

A series of flattened membrane sacs that make up the Golgi apparatus.

64
Q

Glycosylation

A

When sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins, forming glycoproteins.

65
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which carbohydrates in the center of the chloroplast that contains light-collecting pigments and is the site of the photosynthetic electron transport chain.

66
Q

Organelles

A

Internal membranes in eukaryote cells.

67
Q

Cell Membrane Structure

A

1) Lipids
2) Proteins
3) Carbohydrates

68
Q

Membrane Protein Functions

A

1) Transporters that move ions and molecules.
2) Receptors that allow the cell to receive signals.
3) Enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell.
4) Anchors that attach to other proteins.

69
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A

All face outward to extracellular space. Covalently linked to either proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid).

70
Q

Influx

A

Movement of substance into the cells.

71
Q

Efflux

A

Movement of substance out of cells.

72
Q

Net Flux

A

When one type of movement exceeds the other.

73
Q

Types of Membrane Transporters

A

1) Channel Proteins
2) Carrier Protein

74
Q

Uniporter

A

Movement of one molecule independent of the other molecules.

75
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Uptake of particulate matter. Delivery to a lysosome via a phagosome to break down the substance. Provides nutrients to the cell. “Cell eating”.

76
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”. Extracellular fluids taken in by the plasma membrane surface.

77
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Cell membrane receptor proteins have specific binding sites for certain substances.

78
Q

Semi-Autonomous

A

Grow and multiply independently and contain their own circular genomes.

79
Q

Pigments

A

Light-collecting molecules.

80
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened membrane sacs within chloroplasts.

81
Q

Grana

A

Orderly stacks of thylakoid.

82
Q

Stroma

A

Space surrounding thylakoids.

83
Q

Hemolysis

A

If a red blood cell swells and eventually burst.

84
Q

Active Transporter

A

Uses protein carrier. Changes conformation upon binding to substance (movement is in one direction).

85
Q

Invaginates

A

Folds in on itself.

86
Q

Porins

A

Integral proteins (form large, nonselective membrane channels).

87
Q

Convoluted

A

Highly folded, twisted, or coiled.

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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