Module 6

Question 1

Phototroph

Answer 1

Organisms that capture energy from sunlight ex. plants.

Question 2

Autotroph

Answer 2

An organism that is able to synthesize its own food using energy from sunlight or inorganic chemicals (a primary producer) ex. plants.

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

The chemical reactions occurring within cells that convert one molecule into another and transfer energy in living organisms (the set of chemical reactions that sustain life).

Question 4

Anabolic/Anabolism

Answer 4

The set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units and require an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP.

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

The energy of motion.

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

Provides energy to do work.

Question 7

Chemical Equilibrium

Answer 7

The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of the reactants and products do not change.

Question 8

Exergonic

Answer 8

Reactions with a negative ΔG that release energy and proceed spontaneously.

Question 9

Enthalpy (H)

Answer 9

The total amount of energy.

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction.

Question 11

Reactants

Answer 11

The starting substances of a chemical reaction.

Question 12

Substrate

Answer 12

The reactant for enzymes.

Question 13

Enzyme Inhibitors

Answer 13

A compound that decreases the activity of an enzyme.

Question 14

Allosteric Enzyme

Answer 14

An enzyme whose activity is affected by binding a molecule at a site other than the active site, change their shape on binding an activator or inhibitor.

Question 15

Chemotroph

Answer 15

Organisms that derive their energy directly from chemical compounds ex. animals.

Question 16

Heterotroph

Answer 16

An organism that obtains its carbon from organic molecules synthesized by other organisms ex. animals.

Question 17

Catabolic/Catabolism

Answer 17

The set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and, in the process, produce ATP.

Question 18

Potential Energy

Answer 18

Stored energy that is released by a change in an object’s structure or position.

Question 19

Chemical Energy

Answer 19

A form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule.

Question 20

Chemical Reaction

Answer 20

When reactants are transformed into products.

Question 21

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

Answer 21

The amount of energy available to do work.

Question 22

Endergonic

Answer 22

Reactions with a positive ΔG that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous.

Question 23

Energetic Coupling

Answer 23

A process in which a spontaneous reaction (-ΔG) drives a nonspontaneous reaction (+ΔG). It requires that the net ΔG of the two reactions be negative.

Question 24

Activation Energy (EA)

Answer 24

The energy input necessary to reach the transition state.

Question 25

Products

Answer 25

The substances at the end of a chemical reaction.

Question 26

Enzyme Active Site

Answer 26

The portion of an enzyme that binds substrate and converts it to product.

Question 27

Enzyme Activators

Answer 27

A compound that increases the activity of an enzyme.

Question 28

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 28

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form into another.

Question 29

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 29

The principle that the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in the degree of disorder in the universe.

Question 30

Energy

Answer 30

A property of objects that makes work possible.

Question 31

ADP

Answer 31

Adenosine diphosphate.

Question 32

AMP

Answer 32

Adenosine monophosphate.

Question 33

Entropy (S)

Answer 33

The degree of disorder in a system.

Question 34

Thermal Energy

Answer 34

A type of kinetic energy corresponding to the motion of molecules and results in a given temperature.

Question 35

Forward Reaction

Answer 35

Proceeds from left to right and the reactants are located on the left side of the arrow.

Question 36

Reverse Reaction

Answer 36

Proceeds from right to left and the reactants are located on the right side of the arrow.

Question 37

Catalysts

Answer 37

Are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed.

Question 38

Transition State

Answer 38

The brief time in a chemical reaction in which chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new bonds in the product are formed. Is highly unstable and therefore has a large amount of free energy.

Question 39

Cofactors

Answer 39

A nonprotein chemical compound that is required for the activity of an enzyme. Can be inorganic or organic.

Question 40

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 40

Competes with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme.

Question 41

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Answer 41

Change the shape and therefore the activity of the enzyme but do not change the shape of the active site or the ability of the enzyme to bind substrate.

Question 42

Negative Feedback

Answer 42

A process in which the output or product of a pathway opposes the initial stimulus so that steady conditions are maintained.