Module 6: The Turks and the Persians Flashcards
M6.1
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What nomadic people from modern Mongolia contributed to the decline of the Abbasid caliphate?
the Turks
Who did the Turks join with in terms of army size and administration?
the Mongol states in Persia and Central Asia
- the Turks outnumbered ethnic Mongols in this region
Timur
a Turkish leader, also called Tamerlane, who built a Central Asian empire that reached into India and through Persia to the black Sea.
Timur’s conquests only benefitted ____
Samarkand
- in here, craftsmen and specialists were forced to move to work for the new rulers
Osman
the chief of a band of seminomadic Turks that had migrated into western Anatolia while the Mongols still held Persia.
How did the Ottomans initially began their expansions?
from small Turkish states and the Byzantine Empire
ghazis
the Ottoman ruler called himself “border chief,” or leader of the ghazis, meaning frontier radiers.
Trace the origins of the Ottoman State.
The origins of the Ottoman state are traced back to Western Anatolia(Bursa). The Turks took the name Ottoman from their chief Osman who led them in their expansion.
Who were the Ottoman sultans?
they considered themselves as successors to both Byzantine and Turk emperors, and quickly absorbed the rest of the Byzantine Empire.
“sultan” word meaning
authority or dominion
- used by the Ottomans to connote political and military supremacy
To begin transformation of Constantinople, Mehmet _____
ordered wealthy residents to participate in building mosques, markets, fountains, baths, and other public facilities.
To make up for the loss of population through War, Mehmet ____
transplanted inhabitants of other territories to the city, granting them tax emissions and possession of empty houses
What played an influencial part in the expansion of the Ottoman state?
gunpowder
Suleiman
extended Ottoman dominion to its widest geographical extent
What was the reason behind Persia’s unhealthy relationship and constant warfare with the ottomans?
- religious antagonism between the Sunni Ottomans and the Shi’a Persians
- competition to expand at each other’s expense in Mesopotamia
- desire to control trade routes
- European alliances
What is Suleiman known as in Turkish history?
“The Lawgiver” because of his profound influence on the civil law
What introduced the idea of balanced government budgets?
Suleiman ordered Lutfi Pasa, a poet and juridical scholar, to draw a general code of laws that prescribed penalties for routine criminal acts. (known as the Kanun)
- this legal code was the introduction to budgets in government spendings
The power of the Ottoman central government was sustained by ____
the training of slaves
devshirme
a process where the sultan’s agents swept the provines for Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants
janissaries
Turkish for “recruits”; they formed the elite army corps
- central role in Ottoman military affairs, adapting easily to the use of firearms.
The Ottoman ruling class
descendants of Turkish families that had formerly ruled parts of Anatolia and partly of people of varied ethnic origins
true or false; a Sultan was allowed to marry.
FALSE
- the sultans did not contract legal marriages but perpetuated the ruling house through concubinage (a recognized spouse but lower than a wife)
What happened if the concubine delievered a boy?
she raised him until age 10 or 11. Then, the child was given a province to govern under the mother’s supervision.